Sodium azide/nitrite suicides in the Netherlands between 2015 and 2022

IF 1.2 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Journal of forensic and legal medicine Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI:10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102836

Karen E. van den Hondel , Dominique van Pelt , Lizanne Schweren , Tristan Akershoek , Peter Paul M. Bender , Aleid de Booij , Inge van Eck , Lotte Gundlach , Erik Huisman , Jonne Kortmann , Sieb van Kuijk , Peter Letmaath , Kelsey Martienus , Emma van der Molen , Michelle Nysten , Carry Oostdam , René Stumpel , Joost Toussaint , Jeroen Verweij , Erik Wannee , Manon Ceelen

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In 2017, a ‘right-to-die‘ organization publicly announced the legally available and existing chemical “agent X″ as a method of suicide. Both sodium azide as sodium nitrite were mentioned as “agent X”.

Based on the external examination reports registered in Formatus by the forensic physicians working at the Public Health Services and data from Statistics Netherlands, an observational study was conducted into the number of sodium azide and sodium nitrite deaths in the period from 2015 to 2022 in the Netherlands as well as the characteristics of these deceased. The number of sodium azide and sodium nitrite suicides in that period was compared with to the total number of suicides and suicides by self-poisoning in that same period.

Between 2015 and 2022, 172 sodium azide and sodium nitrite suicides were identified on the basis of external examination reports drawn up by forensic physicians whereby 12 % (n = 20) of the cases were confirmed by toxicologic screening. The first case was reported in 2017. The total group contained approximately an equal number of men (53 %) and women. 38 % of all suicides was 70 years or older at the time of death with an average age of 59 years. Compared to all suicides in the Netherlands, people who opted for sodium azide and sodium nitrite were more often female (p < 0.001) and on average older (p < 0.001). 70 % (n = 120) had a history of psychiatric illness. The use of sodium azide and sodium nitrite for suicide increased between 2017 and 2022, with a provisional peak (n = 50) in 2021. The rate sodium azide and sodium nitrite suicides in relation to the total number of suicides and intoxications per year increased gradually in the period 2017–2021.

This study is the first to our knowledge that investigates the numbers of sodium azide and sodium nitrite suicides and the associated characteristics of the individuals. Since 2017 a rise of these suicides was observed. More research to investigate characteristics on the individuals should be done in order to create accurate suicide prevention methods in the future and pay attention to the trends regarding the use of these suicide powders.

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叠氮化钠/亚硝酸盐在荷兰2015年至2022年间的自杀率

2017年，一个“死亡权利”组织公开宣布，现有的合法化学物质“X剂″”是一种自杀方法。叠氮化钠和亚硝酸钠都被称为“X剂”。根据公共卫生服务部门法医在福拉图斯登记的外部检查报告和荷兰统计局的数据，对荷兰2015年至2022年叠氮化钠和亚硝酸钠死亡人数及其死者特征进行了一项观察性研究。将同期叠氮化钠和亚硝酸钠自杀人数与同期自杀和自毒自杀总数进行比较。2015年至2022年，根据法医出具的外部检查报告，鉴定了172例叠氮化钠和亚硝酸钠自杀病例，其中12% （n = 20）的病例通过毒理学筛查得到证实。首例病例于2017年报告。整个群体中男性和女性的比例大致相等（53%）。38%的自杀者死亡时年龄在70岁或以上，平均年龄为59岁。与荷兰的所有自杀者相比，选择叠氮化钠和亚硝酸钠的人往往是女性(p <；0.001)，平均年龄更大(p <；0.001)。70% （n = 120）有精神病史。叠氮化钠和亚硝酸钠用于自杀的人数在2017年至2022年间有所增加，并在2021年达到临时峰值（n = 50）。叠氮化钠和亚硝酸钠自杀率相对于每年自杀和中毒总数的比例在2017-2021年期间逐渐上升。这项研究是我们所知的第一个调查叠氮化钠和亚硝酸钠自杀人数和个体相关特征的研究。自2017年以来，这些自杀事件有所上升。应该做更多的研究来调查个人的特征，以便在未来创造准确的自杀预防方法，并关注这些自杀粉末的使用趋势。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of forensic and legal medicine MEDICINE, LEGAL-

CiteScore

2.70

自引率

6.70%

发文量

106

审稿时长

57 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine publishes topical articles on aspects of forensic and legal medicine. Specifically the Journal supports research that explores the medical principles of care and forensic assessment of individuals, whether adult or child, in contact with the judicial system. It is a fully peer-review hybrid journal with a broad international perspective. The Journal accepts submissions of original research, review articles, and pertinent case studies, editorials, and commentaries in relevant areas of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Context of Practice, and Education and Training. The Journal adheres to strict publication ethical guidelines, and actively supports a culture of inclusive and representative publication.