Functionalizing solar-driven steam generation towards water and energy sustainability

Abstract

Solar-driven steam generation (SSG) combines solar energy and water, two of Earth’s most abundant yet essential resources, and has garnered widespread attention. Over the past decade, substantial advancements have been made in improving both solar-to-steam conversion efficiency and long-term stability. However, relying solely on solar conversion efficiency as a performance benchmark is no longer sufficient, given the widespread achievement of high efficiency levels. Exciting progress has recently been made in the functionalization of SSG, suggesting a new and pivotal role for SSG in addressing broader application scenarios related to water and energy sustainability. In this Review we first trace milestones in the development of SSG and explore its conceptual functionalization, which is driving recent innovative strides in water and energy sustainability. Insights are provided to further exploit this promising potential. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future prospects of SSG, highlighting a pathway for future development and practical applications. This Review summarizes the recent progress in solar-driven steam generation in diverse functionalizations and highlights its applications beyond water purification and desalination.