Multi-objective optimization of energy demand and net zero energy building design based on climatic conditions (Case study: Iran)

Abstract

Since buildings are the most significant part of energy demand in Iran, this research paper focuses on the optimization of energy consumption and the design of Net-zero Energy Buildings to reduce energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions in this sector. One of the main problems in energy consumption management in the residential sector is that energy reduction is considered without any attention to the thermal comfort level of the residents. Thus, this paper proposes a method for multi-objective optimization using a genetic algorithm based on building simulation to reduce energy consumption as well as increase thermal comfort. The design parameters considered include building orientation, shading parameters, insulation thickness, temperature adjustment points, window-to-wall ratio, and roof insulation thickness. The renewable energy sources considered are photovoltaic panels and wind turbines. There is a significant role to play by climate condition in the optimization of energy use in buildings, leading to the consideration of four different climate zones in Iran to investigate the issue comprehensively. The results show that proper selection of architectural parameters, according to optimization results, and consideration of climatic conditions are vital in reducing energy consumption. The use of energy efficiency methods in different climates of Iran can lead to a reduction of 8.83% to 21.6% in energy consumption. The lowest and highest amount of reduction belongs to the moderate climate (Sari) and the cold climate (Urmia) respectively. The study also highlights the potential for using photovoltaic systems in all climates of Iran and the maximum efficiency of wind turbines in hot and dry climates with the share of providing 40% of energy demand.