Wei Li, Ashley Egler, Eren Oyungu, Ziyi Yang, Huiping Xu, Jeong Hoon Jang, Megan S McHenry, Qigui Yu, Alka Khaitan
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objective: Higher inflammation and lower neurodevelopmental outcomes have been reported in children exposed to HIV but uninfected (CHEU) compared to children unexposed to HIV (CHU) during infancy, but whether these differences persist in early childhood is unclear. We assessed pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers and their associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes in CHEU and CHU aged 18-36 months.
Design: Cross-sectional study of 45 CHEU and 36 CHU aged 18-36 months enrolled in Eldoret, Kenya.
Methods: Plasma levels of 65 cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and soluble receptors, and 16 soluble immune checkpoints (ICPs) were quantified using multiplex immunoassays. Monocyte activation (sCD14, sCD163) and endothelial activation (CD146, ICAM-1, VCAM-1) plasma levels were measured by ELISAs. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using the culturally adapted developmental assessment of cognition, language, and motor function. Predictors of neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using Bayesian Model Averaging of the linear regression model.
Results: CHEU exhibited lower levels of several chemokine and growth factors and four inflammatory cytokines compared to CHU: A proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) ( P = 0.03), IL-12p70 ( P < 0.001), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) ( P = 0.002), and Tweak ( P = 0.003). Conversely, two soluble ICPs, CD40 ( P = 0.02) and TIM3 ( P = 0.001), were higher in CHEU compared to CHU. IL-22 and SDF-1α emerged as the strongest predictors of neurodevelopment in CHEU and CHU, respectively.
Conclusion: In early childhood, CHEU exhibited an immunosuppressive rather than inflammatory biomarker profile. Immune biomarkers more frequently predicted neurodevelopmental outcomes than social and demographic factors, and the predictors of cognitive, motor, and language outcomes differed between CHU and CHEU. Further research is necessary to explore the connection between childhood neurodevelopment and immune biomarkers.
期刊介绍：
Publishing the very latest ground breaking research on HIV and AIDS. Read by all the top clinicians and researchers, AIDS has the highest impact of all AIDS-related journals. With 18 issues per year, AIDS guarantees the authoritative presentation of significant advances. The Editors, themselves noted international experts who know the demands of your work, are committed to making AIDS the most distinguished and innovative journal in the field. Submitted articles undergo a preliminary review by the editor. Some articles may be returned to authors without further consideration. Those being considered for publication will undergo further assessment and peer-review by the editors and those invited to do so from a reviewer pool.
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