Green Chemometric—assisted UV spectrophotometric techniques for the analysis of Helicobacter pylori triple therapy: amoxicillin, metronidazole and famotidine in bulk, individual and laboratory- prepared combined dosage forms: application to simulated gastric fluid with comprehensive greenness and whiteness appraisals

Abstract

A significant variable in the genesis of peptic ulcers is Helicobacter pylori, which could be eliminated through several strategies. Amid them, there is a strategy based on receptor histamine-2 (e.g., famotidine) antagonist in conjunction with metronidazole and amoxicillin as antibiotics. This research used UV spectrophotometry paired with chemometrics to clarify the concurrent analysis of famotidine (FAM), amoxicillin (AMX) and metronidazole (MET) in bulk powder and mixed tablet formulations. The first derivative was calculated for determining FAM and MET. Nonetheless, the methods of double divisor ratio spectra and Fourier functions were incorporated for determining each of the three medications. The methods linearity was fine in the strength ranges of 3–20 µg mL⁻¹ (FAM), 12–40 µg mL⁻¹ (AMX) and 4 -20 µg mL⁻¹ (MET), as shown by the correlation coefficient (0.9999). Analyzing the triple therapy of FAM, AMX and MET helped in the determination of the techniques' accuracy and precision which were done for both their synthetic and combined tablet mixture solutions, as well as in their combined tablet mixture solutions in simulated stomach fluid. Adopting UV spectrophotometry was advantageous over HPLC and HPTLC techniques for FAM, AMX and MET simultaneous determination. This can be attributed to better cost and time efficiency, lack of sophistication, less amounts of reagents and wastes and therefore better greenness when talking about UV spectrophotometry. Upon co-formulation of FAM, AMX and MET triple therapy, their routine analysis could benefit from the presented methodologies in quality control labs. Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) as well as White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) were both employed for assessing the UV spectrophotometric methods that were described with an emphasis on the cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness of the suggested techniques. Moreover, the method was practically appraised employing Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI).