Plant-derived molecules in monkeypox management: insight and alternative therapeutic strategies

Abstract

The WHO and CDC recently declared monkeypox virus (MPXV) a zoonotic disease known as monkeypox (Mpox) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. According to the CDC, no treatment is specifically approved for Mpox infections. Medicinal plants are crucial in healthcare and economic development, particularly for low- and middle-income countries. This review offers valuable insights into the pathogenesis and the management of Mpox through therapeutic approaches and vaccination strategies using plant-based molecules. Core structural proteins necessary for both viral entry and the immune response, including A29, H3L, and L1R, are involved in the pathogenesis of MPXV. Potential targets for vaccines include proteins like A35R and B6R, which are essential to the propagation of viruses. The MPXV evades the immune system by concealing its DNA, suppressing the interferon response, limiting T and NK cell activation, and preventing apoptosis, complicating vaccine and treatment development. Antivirals (tecovirimat, brincidofovir) and vaccinations (JYNNEOS, ACAM2000) manage Mpox. A recent study revealed early clinical trial results, indicating that the antiviral drug tecovirimat, a well-known conventional treatment, is no more effective than a placebo against the clade I virus type Research gaps, low vaccination effectiveness, and availability are challenges. This review offers a novel perspective on combating the global threat of Mpox by investigating alternative management strategies centered on plant-derived compounds.

Graphical Abstract