School Suspension as a Predictor of Young Adult Homelessness: The International Youth Development Study.

IF 1.5
Journal of prevention (2022) Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-16 DOI:10.1007/s10935-025-00829-y
Jessica A Heerde, Jennifer A Bailey, Gabriel J Merrin, Monika Raniti, George C Patton, John W Toumbourou, Susan M Sawyer
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Abstract

School suspension in adolescence has been shown to predict homelessness in young adulthood, suggesting that it may be a point of intervention to reduce young adult homelessness. Under zero tolerance policies, school suspension is more common in the United States relative to Australia. Multilevel modeling of cross-national longitudinal data from the International Youth Development Study tested prospective associations between adolescent problem behaviors, student-perceived likelihood of suspension/expulsion, school-level behavior management policy, and young adult homelessness. Population-based samples of participants from Washington State (United States) and Victoria (Australia) were surveyed at ages 13, 14, 15 (2002-2004), and 25 years (2014-15; n = 1945; 51% female). Over half of the young adults who reported homelessness within the previous year at age 25 had experienced school suspension. Individual-level school suspension in middle school predicted young adult homelessness. Higher levels of adolescent rebelliousness, non-violent and violent antisocial behavior, and substance use predicted a higher likelihood of school suspension at the person-level and were indirectly related to increased risk for homelessness at age 25. School behavior management policy was not related to a history of school suspension at either the person- or school-level once individual factors were controlled. Findings demonstrate the importance of school suspension as a risk factor for future homelessness and suggest that prevention programming that aims to mitigate substance use, antisocial behaviors, and school suspension may help to reduce young adult homelessness.

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休学作为年轻人无家可归的预测因素:国际青年发展研究。
青少年时期的休学已被证明可以预测成年后的无家可归现象,这表明它可能是减少年轻人无家可归现象的一个干预点。在零容忍政策下,停课在美国比在澳大利亚更为常见。来自国际青年发展研究的跨国纵向数据的多层次建模测试了青少年问题行为、学生感知的停学/开除可能性、学校层面的行为管理政策和年轻人无家可归之间的前瞻性关联。来自华盛顿州(美国)和维多利亚州(澳大利亚)的参与者基于人群的样本在13岁、14岁、15岁(2002-2004年)和25岁(2014-15年)进行了调查;n = 1945;51%的女性)。在过去的一年中,超过一半的25岁无家可归的年轻人经历过休学。个人层面的中学休学对青年无家可归有预测作用。青少年叛逆、非暴力和暴力反社会行为以及药物使用水平较高预示着个人停学的可能性较高,并与25岁时无家可归的风险增加间接相关。一旦控制了个人因素,学校行为管理政策与个人或学校层面的停学史无关。研究结果表明,休学是未来无家可归的一个重要风险因素,并建议旨在减少药物使用、反社会行为和休学的预防规划可能有助于减少年轻人无家可归。
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