Implicit and explicit learning strategies and fatigue: an evaluation of throwing task performance.

IF 2.6 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Frontiers in Psychology Pub Date : 2025-01-31 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1438313

Reihaneh Banihosseini, Behrouz Abdoli, Maryam Kavyani

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Abstract

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the effects of implicit (errorless) and explicit (errorful) training strategies on a throwing task under physiological and mental fatigue conditions.

Methods: Thirty-two participants, equally divided between the explicit and implicit learning groups, participated in a throwing task. The explicit learning group began at a significant distance from the target and gradually moved closer. In contrast, the implicit learning group started close to the target and progressively increased their distance. The initial session referred to as the acquisition phase, comprised 150 throws from five different distances. Subsequent sessions included a retention test and two transfer tests conducted under conditions of both physiological and mental fatigue. Mental fatigue was induced using a 30-minute color-word Stroop task, while physical fatigue was elicited by requiring subjects to maintain 50% of their maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) in elbow extension for a 2-minute duration.

Results: The results revealed that the implicit learning group exhibited improved performance under fatigue conditions and outperformed the explicit learning group significantly, regardless of the type of fatigue.

Conclusion: This results suggests that implicit learning may improve motor performance even under fatigue conditions.

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来源期刊

Frontiers in Psychology PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-

CiteScore

5.30

自引率

13.20%

发文量

7396

审稿时长

14 weeks

期刊介绍： Frontiers in Psychology is the largest journal in its field, publishing rigorously peer-reviewed research across the psychological sciences, from clinical research to cognitive science, from perception to consciousness, from imaging studies to human factors, and from animal cognition to social psychology. Field Chief Editor Axel Cleeremans at the Free University of Brussels is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international researchers. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide. The journal publishes the best research across the entire field of psychology. Today, psychological science is becoming increasingly important at all levels of society, from the treatment of clinical disorders to our basic understanding of how the mind works. It is highly interdisciplinary, borrowing questions from philosophy, methods from neuroscience and insights from clinical practice - all in the goal of furthering our grasp of human nature and society, as well as our ability to develop new intervention methods.