Differential Sex Trends in Infant, Neonatal, and Child Mortality Before and After Decentralization in Pakistan

IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
Mukhtiar Hussain Ibupoto, Athar Ali Shah, Anqi Sang
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Differential sex child mortality is an important indicator of gender-based discrimination. Decentralization refers to the distribution of power from the federal to the provincial governments in Pakistan. Present research highlights the sex differential sex trends in infant, neonatal, and child mortality before and after decentralization.

Methodology

The research utilizes the four waves of the Demographic and Health Survey from 1990 to 2018, applying Cox proportional regression in STATA. The sample size includes 164 005 total live births and 24 089 deaths across all years, with 8204 neonatal, 5107 infants, and 11 778 child deaths.

Results

This study provides crucial insights into the gendered patterns of neonatal, infant, and child mortality in Pakistan before and after key policy reforms. This study reveals persistent gender disparities in neonatal, infant, and child mortality in Pakistan before and after policy reforms. While girls initially had a biological survival advantage, this diminished at higher birth orders, where they faced increased mortality risks. Despite some improvements post-reform, gender-based discrimination and son preference continue to disadvantage female children, particularly in larger families.

Conclusion

The findings highlight the need for targeted policies to address healthcare inequities and discriminatory practices. Strengthening gender-sensitive interventions is crucial to improving female child survival and achieving long-term progress in reducing mortality disparities.

巴基斯坦权力下放前后婴儿、新生儿和儿童死亡率的性别差异趋势
性别差异儿童死亡率是性别歧视的一个重要指标。分权是指巴基斯坦将权力从联邦政府分配到省级政府。目前的研究突出了权力下放前后婴儿、新生儿和儿童死亡率的性别差异趋势。方法利用1990年至2018年的四波人口与健康调查,在STATA中应用Cox比例回归。样本量包括所有年份的164,005例活产和24,089例死亡,其中新生儿8204例,婴儿5107例,儿童死亡11,778例。本研究为了解巴基斯坦关键政策改革前后新生儿、婴儿和儿童死亡率的性别模式提供了重要见解。本研究揭示了政策改革前后巴基斯坦新生儿、婴儿和儿童死亡率的持续性别差异。虽然女孩最初具有生物学上的生存优势,但随着出生顺序的提高,这种优势逐渐减弱,她们面临着更高的死亡风险。尽管改革后有所改善,但基于性别的歧视和重男轻女继续使女童处于不利地位,特别是在大家庭中。结论研究结果强调需要有针对性的政策来解决医疗保健不公平和歧视性做法。加强对性别问题敏感的干预措施对于改善女童存活率和在减少死亡率差距方面取得长期进展至关重要。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.80
自引率
13.80%
发文量
124
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: The American Journal of Human Biology is the Official Journal of the Human Biology Association. The American Journal of Human Biology is a bimonthly, peer-reviewed, internationally circulated journal that publishes reports of original research, theoretical articles and timely reviews, and brief communications in the interdisciplinary field of human biology. As the official journal of the Human Biology Association, the Journal also publishes abstracts of research presented at its annual scientific meeting and book reviews relevant to the field. The Journal seeks scholarly manuscripts that address all aspects of human biology, health, and disease, particularly those that stress comparative, developmental, ecological, or evolutionary perspectives. The transdisciplinary areas covered in the Journal include, but are not limited to, epidemiology, genetic variation, population biology and demography, physiology, anatomy, nutrition, growth and aging, physical performance, physical activity and fitness, ecology, and evolution, along with their interactions. The Journal publishes basic, applied, and methodologically oriented research from all areas, including measurement, analytical techniques and strategies, and computer applications in human biology. Like many other biologically oriented disciplines, the field of human biology has undergone considerable growth and diversification in recent years, and the expansion of the aims and scope of the Journal is a reflection of this growth and membership diversification. The Journal is committed to prompt review, and priority publication is given to manuscripts with novel or timely findings, and to manuscripts of unusual interest.
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