Comprehensive approach to liver cirrhosis treatment: Integrating ayurveda, homeopathy, and allopathy

Abstract

Liver cirrhosis is a progressive condition characterized by necroinflammation and fibrogenesis, resulting in significant structural and functional impairment of the liver. Histologically, it manifests as nodular regeneration encased in fibrotic septa, leading to parenchymal extinction and deformation of hepatic vascular architecture, culminating in portal hypertension and synthetic dysfunction. The two predominant categories of liver disorders contributing to cirrhosis are alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) representing NAFLD's primary manifestations. Pathophysiologically, cirrhosis involves hepatic stellate cell activation, extracellular matrix deposition, and impaired hepatic blood flow. Although advanced cirrhosis leads to irreversible damage, early intervention targeting inflammation and fibrosis can potentially restore liver architecture. Current treatment strategies include allopathic approaches, such as statins, anticoagulants, direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), and antibiotics like rifaximin, alongside liver transplantation for advanced cases. Complementary therapies, including ayurvedic and homoeopathic remedies, provide holistic and individualized approaches focusing on lifestyle modifications, herbal interventions, and immune enhancement. Herbs such as Bupleurum, liquorice root, milk thistle, and Cordyceps have shown promise in ameliorating cirrhosis-related liver dysfunction. Homeopathic remedies like Bryonia dioica, Lycopodium clavatum, and Chelidonium majus address specific liver-related symptoms, while ayurveda incorporates detoxification, dietary modifications, and stress management practices. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted etiologies, pathophysiology, and diverse therapeutic interventions for liver cirrhosis, emphasizing the integration of conventional and alternative medicine to manage this complex disease.