The impact of chronic diseases on cognitive impairment in rural population of India: A focus on diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke

Abstract

Background

Chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke have long been associated with a range of metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Increasing evidence also suggests that these conditions contribute significantly to cognitive impairment, including dementia. This is particularly concerning for rural populations, where access to healthcare is limited, and the prevalence of chronic diseases is high. This review explores the relationship between multiple chronic diseases and cognitive decline, highlighting the mechanisms involved, the specific challenges rural populations face, and potential strategies to mitigate the effects of chronic diseases on brain health.

Methods

A rapid evidence-based review was conducted, focusing on existing literature about the impact of chronic diseases on cognitive health, particularly in rural settings. The studies gathered were assessed to understand how these chronic diseases contribute to cognitive impairment, the socio-economic factors influencing rural healthcare, and strategies for improving management and prevention in these communities.

Results

Chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke affect the brain through various mechanisms including insulin resistance, vascular damage, neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular events. For rural populations, limited access to healthcare, lack of awareness, and insufficient infrastructure further exacerbate the risk of cognitive impairment. Inadequate healthcare resources in rural areas hinder effective management of these chronic conditions, thereby increasing the risk of cognitive decline.

Conclusion

The rising prevalence of chronic diseases globally and their association with cognitive impairment is a major concern, particularly for underserved rural populations. Addressing this issue requires integrated healthcare approaches, public health education, and significant improvements in rural healthcare infrastructure.