Risk factors for child abuse and neglect: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Objectives

Child maltreatment is a major public health issue associated with adverse outcomes and societal costs, yet its risk factors lack contemporary quantitative synthesis. This review aims to identify and quantify individual, familial, community, and societal risk factors associated with different types of child maltreatment and explore patterns across maltreatment types.

Study design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

This study followed PRISMA guidelines and reviewed literature on child maltreatment from 2013 to 2023. Eligible studies focused on physical, sexual, emotional abuse, neglect, and multi-type maltreatment in children under 18. Databases used included PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Data was extracted and analyzed using meta-analysis with fixed and random effects models. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool, and sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach.

Results

Of 5554 identified studies, 42 met inclusion criteria. Significant results include: male children showed higher odds of physical abuse (OR:1.49). Employed families, higher family education, older parental age, and higher family income had lower odds of maltreatment (OR from 0.51 for income to 0.99 for parental age). Larger family size, parental mental health, maltreatment history, and substance use had higher odds of maltreatment (OR from 1.07 for family size to 5.21 for mental health). Urban areas had lower odds of physical abuse (OR: 0.88).

Conclusions

Findings underscore the importance of addressing identified risk factors at multiple levels, with implications for practice, policy, and future research to refine prevention strategies and promote child well-being.