{"title":"A review of photon beam skyshine studies from medical megavoltage accelerators","authors":"Mikaeil Molazadeh , Hosein Ghiasi","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111716","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review examines the literature on the assessment of photon beam skyshine dose rates in medical accelerator radiotherapy with an energy range of 4-25 MV. The selected studies focus on medical accelerators within radiotherapy facilities and employ various methodologies for calculating photon beam skyshine dose rates. Researchers utilized Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, direct measurements, and empirical methods outlined in NCRP Reports 151 and 51 for skyshine estimations. These NCRP reports have established empirical approaches for calculating skyshine dose rates in linac-based radiotherapy settings. The methodologies adopted by different researchers and their findings were compared and discussed. Among these methods, the one that aligns best with measurements across various studies was identified as the gold standard. Notably, the conclusion drawn from multiple papers indicates that NCRP 151 tends to overestimate skyshine dose rates. Various studies were conducted under different geometries and distances from the X-ray source, and comparisons with other works showed consistent results. However, some discrepancies were noted in the results of skyshine characterization studies. This review encompasses publications related to photon beam skyshine from medical accelerators, highlighting that the primary approaches, NCRP 151 empirical methods, MC simulations, and direct measurements, yield reasonable results when multiple methods are employed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 111716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804325000612","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This review examines the literature on the assessment of photon beam skyshine dose rates in medical accelerator radiotherapy with an energy range of 4-25 MV. The selected studies focus on medical accelerators within radiotherapy facilities and employ various methodologies for calculating photon beam skyshine dose rates. Researchers utilized Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, direct measurements, and empirical methods outlined in NCRP Reports 151 and 51 for skyshine estimations. These NCRP reports have established empirical approaches for calculating skyshine dose rates in linac-based radiotherapy settings. The methodologies adopted by different researchers and their findings were compared and discussed. Among these methods, the one that aligns best with measurements across various studies was identified as the gold standard. Notably, the conclusion drawn from multiple papers indicates that NCRP 151 tends to overestimate skyshine dose rates. Various studies were conducted under different geometries and distances from the X-ray source, and comparisons with other works showed consistent results. However, some discrepancies were noted in the results of skyshine characterization studies. This review encompasses publications related to photon beam skyshine from medical accelerators, highlighting that the primary approaches, NCRP 151 empirical methods, MC simulations, and direct measurements, yield reasonable results when multiple methods are employed.
期刊介绍:
Applied Radiation and Isotopes provides a high quality medium for the publication of substantial, original and scientific and technological papers on the development and peaceful application of nuclear, radiation and radionuclide techniques in chemistry, physics, biochemistry, biology, medicine, security, engineering and in the earth, planetary and environmental sciences, all including dosimetry. Nuclear techniques are defined in the broadest sense and both experimental and theoretical papers are welcome. They include the development and use of α- and β-particles, X-rays and γ-rays, neutrons and other nuclear particles and radiations from all sources, including radionuclides, synchrotron sources, cyclotrons and reactors and from the natural environment.
The journal aims to publish papers with significance to an international audience, containing substantial novelty and scientific impact. The Editors reserve the rights to reject, with or without external review, papers that do not meet these criteria.
Papers dealing with radiation processing, i.e., where radiation is used to bring about a biological, chemical or physical change in a material, should be directed to our sister journal Radiation Physics and Chemistry.