A critical review on combining adsorption and photocatalysis in composite materials for pharmaceutical removal: Pros and cons, scalability, TRL, and sustainability

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS
Sajad Ahmadi , Jennyffer Martinez Quimbayo , Velma Beri Kimbi Yaah , Sergio Botelho de Oliveira , Satu Ojala
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Abstract

Pharmaceuticals have been detected in water matrices with different concentrations raising the concerns about their effects on the environment and human health. Despite these concerns there are no clear regulations established by governments about the maximum accepted values of these pollutants in potable water. It is important that stake holders establish regulatory limits to the permitted concentration of pharmaceuticals in water bodies. Adsorption and photocatalysis are common techniques that have been studied to treat these pollutants. However, they each have challenges and limitations. As a result, combining both processes seem to be the way forward. Composite materials combining adsorption and photocatalysis tend to in most cases have an improved specific surface area, electron hole separation efficiency and electrical properties that are beneficial for their application in water treatment. In this work the advantages, disadvantages, sustainability, and cost implications of the methods used to synthesize these composites materials were discussed. To better outline their impact in combining adsorption and photocatalysis, the challenges and limitations of using a single technique were listed. The technology readiness level (TRL) of the techniques was also presented. Different types of composite materials have been studied, and their stability, regeneration and recyclability are still under development. It is evident how focus on pollutants has been expanded during the last decade, and year by year more research results on how to remove pharmaceuticals from water are reported. The synthesis, design and efficiency of the materials have improved through the years, however though still at the laboratory scale.

Abstract Image

复合材料中结合吸附和光催化去除药物的研究进展:利弊、可扩展性、TRL和可持续性
在水基质中检测到不同浓度的药物,引起人们对其对环境和人类健康的影响的关注。尽管存在这些担忧,但各国政府并没有就饮用水中这些污染物的最大可接受值制定明确的规定。重要的是,利益相关者对水体中允许的药物浓度建立监管限制。吸附和光催化是处理这些污染物的常用技术。然而,它们都有挑战和局限性。因此,将这两个过程结合起来似乎是前进的方向。吸附与光催化相结合的复合材料在大多数情况下往往具有提高的比表面积、电子空穴分离效率和电学性能,有利于其在水处理中的应用。在这项工作中,讨论了合成这些复合材料的方法的优点、缺点、可持续性和成本影响。为了更好地概述它们对吸附和光催化结合的影响,列出了使用单一技术的挑战和局限性。并给出了这些技术的技术成熟度(TRL)。人们对不同类型的复合材料进行了研究,其稳定性、再生性和可回收性仍在发展中。很明显,在过去十年中,对污染物的关注已经扩大,关于如何从水中去除药物的研究成果逐年增加。这些年来,材料的合成、设计和效率都有所提高,但仍处于实验室规模。
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来源期刊
Energy nexus
Energy nexus Energy (General), Ecological Modelling, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Water Science and Technology, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (General)
CiteScore
7.70
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
审稿时长
109 days
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