Experimental investigation and economic evaluation of wind impacts on the solar panel array of a floating photovoltaic (FPV) system across different turbulence intensities

Abstract

The increasing global demand for renewable energy and the scarcity of suitable land for large-scale photovoltaic (PV) installations have driven interest in floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems. FPV systems are being widely adopted globally as solar energy proves to be a highly efficient renewable energy source. However, these systems face challenges such as sinking or overturning in severe environmental conditions. This study investigates the aerodynamic performance and economic viability of FPV systems under different wind speeds and turbulence intensities. Using 1:50 scale models, wind tunnel experiments were conducted to represent both single-island and multi-array FPV setups. The research assessed aerodynamic properties, including drag, lift, and net pressure coefficients, to evaluate structural stability in offshore environments, particularly under extreme turbulence. The results highlight turbulence as a critical factor influencing aerodynamic force distribution, with upstream panels affecting the stability of those downstream. Structural issues like material fatigue and potential failures during extreme weather conditions were analyzed to inform design improvements. Additionally, the study identifies cost-saving opportunities through material optimization, enhancing the economic feasibility of FPV systems without sacrificing performance. Many floating bodies might be replaced with less expensive materials, which would be more cost-effective, if the floating PV system's size continues to grow.