Development and validation of a novel simultaneous equation and Q-absorbance ratio method for the quantitative estimation of atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide in combined tablet dosage forms: A green analytical chemistry approach

IF 6.2
Ashok H. Akabari , Divya K. Solanki , Sagarkumar K. Patel , Palak Desai , Gamit Jainisha , Bhavesh Patel , Birenkumar N. Shah , Ketan V. Shah
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Abstract

This study aims to develop and validate novel UV spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous estimation of atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical dosage forms and bulk. The proposed methods are Simultaneous Equation and Q-Absorbance Ratio methods offer a cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative to chromatographic techniques. The λmax of atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide were identified at 224.00 nm and 234.00 nm, respectively, with an isoabsorptive point at 229.00 nm for the Q-Absorbance Ratio method. The validation followed ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines, demonstrating excellent linearity (R² > 0.99 for both drugs), accuracy (98.5 %–101.2 %), precision (%RSD < 2 %), and sensitivity (LOD: 1.61 µg/mL for atenolol, 0.78 µg/mL for hydrochlorothiazide). The developed methods were successfully applied to a marketed formulation, showing recovery rates within acceptable limits. The environmental sustainability of these methods was assessed using ComplexGAPI, AGREE, Analytical Eco-Scale, ChlorTox WHN, and CHEMS-1 tools. The AGREE score (0.71) and ComplexGAPI assessment (eight green attributes, two red) confirmed superior eco-friendliness over reported HPLC methods (AGREE: 0.62). ChlorTox scores further validated minimal toxicity risks. This research highlights an efficient, accurate, and environmentally benign alternative for atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide analysis, aligning with green analytical chemistry principles.

Abstract Image

联合片剂阿替洛尔和氢氯噻嗪定量评价的新型联立方程和q -吸光度法的建立与验证:绿色分析化学方法
本研究旨在建立和验证新的紫外分光光度法同时测定阿替洛尔和氢氯噻嗪的剂型和散装。提出的方法是联立方程和q -吸光度比方法提供了一种成本效益高,环保的色谱技术替代方案。阿替洛尔和氢氯噻嗪的λmax分别在224.00 nm和234.00 nm处得到,q -吸光度法的等吸收点在229.00 nm处。验证遵循ICH Q2 (R1)指南,显示出良好的线性(R²>;准确性(98.5% - 101.2%),精密度(%RSD <;2%),灵敏度(阿替洛尔的LOD为1.61µg/mL,氢氯噻嗪的LOD为0.78µg/mL)。所开发的方法已成功地应用于上市制剂,显示回收率在可接受的范围内。使用ComplexGAPI、AGREE、Analytical Eco-Scale、ChlorTox WHN和chemicals -1工具评估这些方法的环境可持续性。AGREE评分(0.71)和ComplexGAPI评估(8个绿色属性,2个红色属性)证实比报道的HPLC方法(AGREE: 0.62)更具生态友好性。氯毒素评分进一步证实了最小的毒性风险。本研究强调了一种高效、准确、环保的替代阿替洛尔和氢氯噻嗪分析方法,符合绿色分析化学原理。
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