Evaluation of multilayer co-extrusion film and other three plastic membranes as passive samplers for determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in water

IF 11.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.123266

Wenjian Lao , Xiaoyan Shang , Shuiqiang Yu , Huiquan Xiao , Yingying Lou , Cuihua Song , Jinmao You

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Passive sampling methods can provide valuable insights for monitoring hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in aquatic environments. As the list of target HOCs expands, there is an increasing demand for passive samplers that can detect a broader range of these compounds. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a three-layer co-extruded polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate (TLC-EVA) film alongside three existing materials (polyethylene (PE), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) for passive sampling of carbazole and five halogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), a group of dioxin-like chemicals, in water. The films were calibrated through batch experiments to determine the partition coefficients between the polymer and water (K_PW). The performance of the samplers and the presence of PHCZs were evaluated through 7- and 14-day exposures in the Xiaoyi River, which flows through Qufu City, China. The logK_PW values varied significantly among the compounds and were generally consistent across the four films, ranging from 2.73 to 4.14 for EVA, 2.65 to 4.21 for PE, 2.85 to 3.98 for PMMA, and 2.62 to 4.22 for PDMS. These findings indicate that the films can effectively function as passive samplers for PHCZs. Additionally, a comparison of logK_PW results with physicochemical parameters (logK_OW and logK_OC) highlighted the negative impact of halogen substituents and steric hindrance on sorption, particularly for 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole. The passive sampling reached equilibrium within the 7-day exposure period, with all PHCZs detected in the river water. Increased concentrations at urban and wastewater treatment plant outlet sampling sites suggested specific sources of PHCZs. Our results advocate for the application of multilayer co-extrusion films as a novel material for passive sampling of HOCs.

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来源期刊

Water Research 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

20.80

自引率

9.40%

发文量

1307

审稿时长

38 days

期刊介绍： Water Research, along with its open access companion journal Water Research X, serves as a platform for publishing original research papers covering various aspects of the science and technology related to the anthropogenic water cycle, water quality, and its management worldwide. The audience targeted by the journal comprises biologists, chemical engineers, chemists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, limnologists, and microbiologists. The scope of the journal include: •Treatment processes for water and wastewaters (municipal, agricultural, industrial, and on-site treatment), including resource recovery and residuals management; •Urban hydrology including sewer systems, stormwater management, and green infrastructure; •Drinking water treatment and distribution; •Potable and non-potable water reuse; •Sanitation, public health, and risk assessment; •Anaerobic digestion, solid and hazardous waste management, including source characterization and the effects and control of leachates and gaseous emissions; •Contaminants (chemical, microbial, anthropogenic particles such as nanoparticles or microplastics) and related water quality sensing, monitoring, fate, and assessment; •Anthropogenic impacts on inland, tidal, coastal and urban waters, focusing on surface and ground waters, and point and non-point sources of pollution; •Environmental restoration, linked to surface water, groundwater and groundwater remediation; •Analysis of the interfaces between sediments and water, and between water and atmosphere, focusing specifically on anthropogenic impacts; •Mathematical modelling, systems analysis, machine learning, and beneficial use of big data related to the anthropogenic water cycle; •Socio-economic, policy, and regulations studies.