Identification of early operational defects in photovoltaic modules: A case study of a 24.9 MWp solar PV system in Sumatra, Indonesia

Elieser Tarigan
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Abstract

This study investigates early operational defects in a 24.9 MWp solar PV system located in Sumatra, Indonesia, within its first two years of operation. The primary objective is to identify key issues affecting performance, reliability, and energy output. Field observations revealed several critical defects, with hotspot formation being the most dominant issue. Hotspots, caused by partial shading, cell mismatches, or module damage, result in excessive localized heating, leading to material degradation and significant power losses. Additional defects included glass cracking (282 cases), primarily linked to hotspots and mechanical impacts, and 350 cases of junction box failures due to improper sealing, which pose long-term risks of moisture ingress and diode malfunction. Instances of foggy or discolored glass (delamination) were also identified, reducing light transmission and overall efficiency. Shading from external objects and self-shading between PV arrays exacerbated these problems. The study highlights that half-cut modules outperform full-cell modules in mitigating hotspot risks due to their lower current per cell and enhanced bypass diode configuration. Reducing the number of modules per string further minimizes hotspot severity. Recommendations include regular maintenance, shading mitigation strategies, and optimized system design to enhance performance and reliability. These findings provide valuable insights for improving large-scale PV system durability in real-world conditions.

Abstract Image

光伏组件早期运行缺陷的识别:以印尼苏门答腊岛24.9 MWp太阳能光伏系统为例
本研究调查了位于印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛的24.9 MWp太阳能光伏系统在其头两年运行中的早期运行缺陷。主要目标是确定影响性能、可靠性和能量输出的关键问题。现场观测发现了几个关键缺陷,热点形成是最主要的问题。由部分遮阳、电池不匹配或模块损坏引起的热点会导致过度的局部加热,导致材料退化和显著的功率损失。其他缺陷包括玻璃破裂(282例),主要与热点和机械冲击有关,以及350例由于密封不当导致的接线盒故障,这带来了长期受潮和二极管故障的风险。雾蒙蒙或变色的玻璃(分层)也被发现,减少了光的传输和整体效率。来自外部物体的遮阳和光伏阵列之间的自遮阳加剧了这些问题。该研究强调,半切割模块在降低热点风险方面优于全电池模块,因为它们的每个电池电流更低,而且旁路二极管配置更强。减少每个字符串的模块数量进一步减少热点的严重性。建议包括定期维护、遮阳缓解策略和优化系统设计,以提高性能和可靠性。这些发现为提高实际条件下大型光伏系统的耐久性提供了有价值的见解。
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