Chromosomal localization of PHOX2B during M-phase is disrupted in disease-associated mutants

Abstract

In the M-phase, the nuclear membrane is broken down, nucleosomes are condensed as mitotic chromosomes, and transcription factors are generally known to be dislocated from their recognition sequences and dispersed to the cytoplasm. However, some transcription factors have recently been reported to remain on mitotic chromosomes and facilitate the rapid re-activation of the target genes in early G1-phase. Paired-like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) is a transcription factor exhibiting chromosomal localization during M-phase. PHOX2B mutations are associated with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, Hirschsprung disease, and neuroblastoma. In this study, we investigated PHOX2B chromosomal localization during M-phase through immunostaining and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis to determine whether the chromosomal localization of disease-associated PHOX2B mutants is altered during M-phase. Missense mutations in the homeodomain and the frameshift mutation in the C-terminal domain disrupted the chromosomal localization of PHOX2B in M-phase, leading to its dispersion in the cell. Furthermore, a PHOX2B mutant with polyalanine expansion showed a line-shaped localization to the restricted region of mitotic chromosomes. Our findings suggest an association between the disease-associated mutations and defective chromosomal localization of transcription factors during M-phase. Further investigations of PHOX2B chromosomal localization during M-phase could reveal pathogenic mechanisms of such diseases.