Fluoroquinolone and sulfonamide antibiotics (single and mixtures) impair the motor function of zebrafish larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology Pub Date : 2025-02-09 DOI:10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110143

Gleyson B. Castro , Juliano J. Corbi , Mateus Cottorello-Fonsêca , Daniela Correia , Demetrio Raldúa , David S. Alexandre , Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto , Eva Prats , Melissa Faria

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Abstract

The occurrence of antibiotics in freshwater is a global concern, with evidence pointing to potential neurotoxic effects after prolonged exposure. However, data on their impact on behavior, particularly at environmentally relevant concentrations, remain limited. This study examined the motor function of zebrafish larvae exposed to single and mixture of antibiotics from the sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone classes. Ten antibiotics were assessed, namely, fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), pefloxacin (PEF), ofloxacin (OFL), and enrofloxacin (ENR) and sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), and sulfadimethoxine (SDM). After 24 h of exposure, single exposures revealed that all antibiotics disrupted at least one typical larval behavior at environmentally relevant concentrations. Larvae showed similarities in the escape response provoked by a vibrating acoustic stimulus (startle) according to the antibiotic class, despite the significantly more severe effects of SDM on startle and SMX on habituation to repetitive acoustic stimulation. Exposures to sulfonamide mixtures caused a non-monotonic effect on the startle response and significantly increased the distance traveled over the visual motor response. On the other hand, fluoroquinolone mixtures at 0.1 and 10 μg L⁻¹ reduced the habituation of zebrafish larvae. Biochemical markers suggest sulfonamide mixtures can potentially decrease catalase activity, whereas reduced glutathione levels are increased in fluoroquinolone mixtures at 10 μg L⁻¹. Such findings support recent discussions on the potential of antibiotics to impair motor function in aquatic species, whether in isolated or combined forms. Regulatory mechanisms focused on discharging those substances into freshwater are pivotal to preventing adverse effects and ensuring biota safety.

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氟喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素（单一和混合）在环境相关浓度下损害斑马鱼幼虫的运动功能。

淡水中抗生素的出现是一个全球关注的问题，有证据表明长期接触抗生素会产生潜在的神经毒性作用。但是，关于它们对行为的影响，特别是在与环境有关的浓度下的影响的数据仍然有限。本研究检测了暴露于单一和混合磺胺类和氟喹诺酮类抗生素的斑马鱼幼虫的运动功能。评估10种抗生素，即氟喹诺酮类药物：环丙沙星（CIP）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、培氟沙星（PEF）、氧氟沙星（OFL）、恩诺沙星（ENR）；磺胺类药物：磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）、磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）、磺胺乙嗪（SMZ）、磺胺甲嗪（SMR）、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶（SDM）。暴露24 h后，单次暴露显示，在与环境相关的浓度下，所有抗生素至少破坏了一种典型的幼虫行为。不同抗生素种类的幼虫在振动声刺激（惊吓）引起的逃跑反应中表现出相似性，尽管SDM对惊吓的影响明显更严重，SMX对重复声刺激的习惯化的影响更严重。暴露于磺胺混合物中对惊吓反应产生非单调效应，并显著增加视觉运动反应的行进距离。另一方面，0.1和10 μg L-1的氟喹诺酮混合物降低了斑马鱼幼虫的习惯化。生化标记表明，磺胺混合物可能会降低过氧化氢酶的活性，而在10 μg L-1的氟喹诺酮混合物中，还原型谷胱甘肽水平会增加。这些发现支持了最近关于抗生素可能损害水生物种运动功能的讨论，无论是单独的还是联合的形式。侧重于将这些物质排入淡水的管制机制对于防止不利影响和确保生物群安全至关重要。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology 医学-动物学

CiteScore

7.50

自引率

5.10%

发文量

206

审稿时长

30 days

期刊介绍： Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology. This journal is concerned with chemical and drug action at different levels of organization, biotransformation of xenobiotics, mechanisms of toxicity, including reactive oxygen species and carcinogenesis, endocrine disruptors, natural products chemistry, and signal transduction with a molecular approach to these fields.