Associations Between Stress and Hair Cortisol and Their Relationship to Alcohol Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults: An Epidemiological Cohort Study

Abstract

The relationship between stress, hair cortisol and alcohol consumption has mostly been investigated among clinical and adult study samples, with inconsistent findings. The present study aimed to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between chronic stress, hair cortisol and average past-year alcohol consumption within a population-based sample of adolescents and young adults. At baseline of the epidemiological cohort study, N = 1180 individuals aged 14–21 from Dresden, Germany, were assessed (11/2015–12/2016). A maximum N = 1055 were analysed in cross-sectional analyses and a maximum N = 722 in longitudinal analyses (1-year follow-up). Multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to reveal cross-sectional associations between perceived chronic stress, hair cortisol concentration and average past-year alcohol consumption in males and females. Longitudinally, weighted linear regression models examined relationships between (a) perceived chronic stress at baseline and altered hair cortisol concentration over 1 year, (b) perceived chronic stress/hair cortisol concentration at baseline and altered average alcohol consumption over 1 year and (c) average past-year alcohol consumption at baseline and altered stress/hair cortisol concentration over 1 year. Cross-sectionally, no significant relationships were found between stress, hair cortisol and average past-year alcohol consumption at baseline. In females, higher baseline perceived chronic stress was associated with an increase in hair cortisol concentration over 1 year, whereas no relationship was found in the cross-sectional analysis between baseline perceived chronic stress and baseline past-year average alcohol consumption. When using hair cortisol as a biomarker for stress perception, the focus of future research should be on potential time lags between perceived chronic stress and hair cortisol increase.