Eco-friendly fabrication of Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoparticles from clove extract: Enhanced physicochemical properties and biomedical potential

Abstract

This study presents a green and scalable synthesis of Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) using an eco-friendly extract from Syzygium aromaticum (clove buds) as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Unlike conventional chemical methods requiring toxic reagents, this approach enables the formation of highly stable and functional BMNPs under mild conditions. The synthesized Ag/Pt BMNPs exhibit superior catalytic efficiency in the reduction of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) to p-aminophenol (p-AP) (rate constant: 0.848 min⁻¹) and the degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) dye (rate constant: 0.76 min⁻¹), surpassing the performance of monometallic Ag and Pt nanoparticles. The synergistic alloying effect of Ag and Pt enhances electron transfer, leading to improved reaction kinetics and greater reusability over multiple catalytic cycles. Additionally, the adsorption of phytochemicals onto the NP surface significantly boosts antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 32.6 µg/mL (DPPH assay) and 17.24 µg/mL (ABTS assay), while the enhanced antibacterial properties demonstrate a 14 mm inhibition zone against Escherichia coli. These findings establish Ag/Pt BMNPs as promising candidates for catalytic, environmental, and biomedical applications, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional nanoparticle synthesis.