In vitro Bone Tissue Engineering Strategies: The Relevance of Cells and Culturing Methods in Bone Formation and Remodeling

Abstract

The most recent advances in bone tissue engineering (BTE) approaches step forward in the field of three-dimensional (3D) tissue models, enabling the development of more realistic tools to study bone disorders, such as osteoporosis. BTE field aims to mimic native bone tissue more truthfully, providing an appropriate environment for tissue regeneration and repair through the combination of 3D porous scaffolds, specific growth factors, and cells. Currently, the scientific community is focused on developing and improving new biomaterials that in combination with growth factors and specific cell types, that can accurately emulate the native bone microenvironment. However, most of the reported studies in the BTE field are focused on bone formation, disregarding the entire bone remodeling steps, which also involve bone resorption. In this review, the currently available mono and co-culturing methods, types of biomaterials used in several strategies that combine scaffolds and relevant cells (e.g., osteoblasts (OBs), osteoclasts (OCs), and osteocytes (OCys)), envisioning a healthy bone formation and remodeling process, the gold-standard drug delivery systems, and bioengineered-based systems to tackle bone diseases are described.