{"title":"The flame retardant and smoke suppressant effect of transition metal hydroxystannate (MSn(OH)6, M = Fe, Co, Mn) for epoxy resin","authors":"Xianghe Hui, Dong Fang, Guifang Wang, Feng Ran, Xin Zhang, Zewei Fu, Olim Ruzimuradov","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06223-3","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Perovskite hydroxystannate (MSn(OH)<sub>6</sub>) has garnered considerable interest in recent years as a novel flame retardant characterized by its low toxicity and environmentally benign properties. In order to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of epoxy resin (EP) matrices, transition metal hydroxystannate (MSn(OH)<sub>6</sub>, M = Fe, Co, Mn) was prepared by a ultrasonic-coprecipitation method and used as flame retardants. The synthesized composites were assessed for their flame retardant characteristics and mechanical properties through the measurement of the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the cone calorimetry test (CCT), and universal tensile testing. Upon the incorporation of 10 wt% of the MSn(OH)<sub>6</sub> flame retardants, the flame retardant of EP composites exhibited marked enhancement, especially manganese hydroxystannate (MHS). Compared with pure EP, the EP/MHS-10 composite demonstrated the best performance, reducing the peak of heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), total smoke production (TSP) by 60.0%, 14.4%, and 32.6%, respectively. During the process of combustion, the decomposition of MSn(OH)<sub>6</sub> results in the generation of non-flammable gases and water vapor. In the condensed phase, tin (Sn) and transition metals contribute to the formation of a more protective char residue. The residue serves as a physical barrier, effectively isolating the underlying epoxy (EP) matrix material from heat and oxygen.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11051-025-06223-3","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Perovskite hydroxystannate (MSn(OH)6) has garnered considerable interest in recent years as a novel flame retardant characterized by its low toxicity and environmentally benign properties. In order to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of epoxy resin (EP) matrices, transition metal hydroxystannate (MSn(OH)6, M = Fe, Co, Mn) was prepared by a ultrasonic-coprecipitation method and used as flame retardants. The synthesized composites were assessed for their flame retardant characteristics and mechanical properties through the measurement of the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the cone calorimetry test (CCT), and universal tensile testing. Upon the incorporation of 10 wt% of the MSn(OH)6 flame retardants, the flame retardant of EP composites exhibited marked enhancement, especially manganese hydroxystannate (MHS). Compared with pure EP, the EP/MHS-10 composite demonstrated the best performance, reducing the peak of heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), total smoke production (TSP) by 60.0%, 14.4%, and 32.6%, respectively. During the process of combustion, the decomposition of MSn(OH)6 results in the generation of non-flammable gases and water vapor. In the condensed phase, tin (Sn) and transition metals contribute to the formation of a more protective char residue. The residue serves as a physical barrier, effectively isolating the underlying epoxy (EP) matrix material from heat and oxygen.
期刊介绍：
The objective of the Journal of Nanoparticle Research is to disseminate knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological phenomena and processes in structures that have at least one lengthscale ranging from molecular to approximately 100 nm (or submicron in some situations), and exhibit improved and novel properties that are a direct result of their small size.
Nanoparticle research is a key component of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology.
The focus of the Journal is on the specific concepts, properties, phenomena, and processes related to particles, tubes, layers, macromolecules, clusters and other finite structures of the nanoscale size range. Synthesis, assembly, transport, reactivity, and stability of such structures are considered. Development of in-situ and ex-situ instrumentation for characterization of nanoparticles and their interfaces should be based on new principles for probing properties and phenomena not well understood at the nanometer scale. Modeling and simulation may include atom-based quantum mechanics; molecular dynamics; single-particle, multi-body and continuum based models; fractals; other methods suitable for modeling particle synthesis, assembling and interaction processes. Realization and application of systems, structures and devices with novel functions obtained via precursor nanoparticles is emphasized. Approaches may include gas-, liquid-, solid-, and vacuum-based processes, size reduction, chemical- and bio-self assembly. Contributions include utilization of nanoparticle systems for enhancing a phenomenon or process and particle assembling into hierarchical structures, as well as formulation and the administration of drugs. Synergistic approaches originating from different disciplines and technologies, and interaction between the research providers and users in this field, are encouraged.
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