Supercritical extraction of salicin, aspirin precursor, from the willow bark, laboratory optimization via response surface methodology and mathematical modeling

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI:10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106540

Mohammad Abohassan , Normurot Fayzullaev , Gaber Edris , Subasini Uthirapathy , Gaurav Sanghvi , Naga Bhushana Rao Vakada , Swati Sharma , Prashant Nakash , Yasser Fakri Mustafa , Maythum Ali Shallan

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Abstract

In this study, salicin, the key active ingredient in willow bark and a primary source of aspirin, was extracted using supercritical CO₂. Gas chromatography (GC) characterized the extract. Key operating factors, including pressure, temperature, particle size, and extraction time, were varied to optimize extraction yield, employing response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) method. The maximum yield was 12.371 % (mass of extracted salicin / mass of dry willow bark) with a 56.75 % salicin recovery under the optimal condition, determined as 22 MPa pressure, 40 °C temperature, 0.45 mm particle size, and 100 minutes extraction time. Results showed that higher extraction time and pressure increased yield, while temperature and particle size reduced it. Extraction time had the most significant effect, while temperature was the least impactful. The Sovová and Tan and Liou models were applied, showing close agreement between predicted and experimental extraction curves.

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来源期刊

Journal of Supercritical Fluids 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

7.60

自引率

10.30%

发文量

236

审稿时长

56 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Supercritical Fluids is an international journal devoted to the fundamental and applied aspects of supercritical fluids and processes. Its aim is to provide a focused platform for academic and industrial researchers to report their findings and to have ready access to the advances in this rapidly growing field. Its coverage is multidisciplinary and includes both basic and applied topics. Thermodynamics and phase equilibria, reaction kinetics and rate processes, thermal and transport properties, and all topics related to processing such as separations (extraction, fractionation, purification, chromatography) nucleation and impregnation are within the scope. Accounts of specific engineering applications such as those encountered in food, fuel, natural products, minerals, pharmaceuticals and polymer industries are included. Topics related to high pressure equipment design, analytical techniques, sensors, and process control methodologies are also within the scope of the journal.