Deciphering dissolved load geochemistry of the Upper Ganga Basin: Natural weathering vs human impact

IF 3.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS
Sugandha Panwar , Shouye Yang , Esha Ray , Pallavi Singh , Swati Uniyal , Debajyoti Paul
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Abstract

Traversing through one of Earth's most densely populated regions, the Ganga River carries the undeniable imprints of human activities. The present study aims to elucidate the relative contributions of natural weathering and anthropogenic processes in driving the dissolved load in the Upper Ganga Basin, investigating how these factors vary seasonally in mountainous regions while considering the diverse range of human influences. The study analyzed daily variations in major ions and trace elements in water samples collected from the Ganga River at Rishikesh during the year 2020, along with effluent, rainwater, faecal coliform, air quality, mobility data, and previously published data on Himalayan Rivers. A mass balance based forward model was applied to quantify contributions from atmospheric deposition, erosion, weathering, wastewater, and urban runoff. Co-occurrence network and principal component analysis were applied to decipher the interplay between natural weathering and human activities. Results indicate a seasonal shift in cation dominance, with anthropogenic activities peaking in the post-monsoon season. Carbonate weathering (73.6 % ± 7.9 %) followed by silicate weathering (15.2 % ± 5.1 %) dominated the cation load. Although urban runoff contributes to the dissolved load, geogenic sources (particularly carbonate rock weathering) are the primary contributors to heavy metals. Faecal bacteria levels of sewage samples were found to mirror chloride concentrations in the river. While natural weathering contributes significantly, residential pollution is a notable factor in altering the Upper Ganga River's dissolved load composition. To effectively restore the Ganga River, our findings emphasize understanding diverse pollution pathways and incorporating natural weathering processes into management plans.
破译恒河上游盆地的溶解负荷地球化学:自然风化与人类影响
恒河是地球上人口最稠密的地区之一,它身上不可否认地留下了人类活动的印记。本研究旨在阐明自然风化和人为过程在驱动上恒河流域溶解负荷中的相对贡献,并在考虑不同范围的人为影响的情况下,研究这些因素在山区的季节性变化。该研究分析了2020年从里希凯什的恒河采集的水样中主要离子和微量元素的日常变化,以及污水、雨水、粪便大肠菌群、空气质量、流动性数据和以前发表的喜马拉雅河流数据。基于质量平衡的正演模型被用于量化大气沉积、侵蚀、风化、废水和城市径流的贡献。利用共现网络和主成分分析方法,分析了自然风化与人类活动的相互作用。结果表明,阳离子优势存在季节变化,人为活动在季风后季节达到高峰。碳酸盐风化(73.6%±7.9%)次之,硅酸盐风化(15.2%±5.1%)占主导地位。虽然城市径流有助于溶解负荷,但地质来源(特别是碳酸盐岩风化)是重金属的主要来源。污水样本的粪便细菌水平被发现反映了河流中的氯化物浓度。虽然自然风化作用显著,但居住污染是改变恒河上游溶解荷载组成的一个显著因素。为了有效地恢复恒河,我们的研究结果强调了解不同的污染途径,并将自然风化过程纳入管理计划。
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来源期刊
Journal of Geochemical Exploration
Journal of Geochemical Exploration 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
7.40
自引率
7.70%
发文量
148
审稿时长
8.1 months
期刊介绍: Journal of Geochemical Exploration is mostly dedicated to publication of original studies in exploration and environmental geochemistry and related topics. Contributions considered of prevalent interest for the journal include researches based on the application of innovative methods to: define the genesis and the evolution of mineral deposits including transfer of elements in large-scale mineralized areas. analyze complex systems at the boundaries between bio-geochemistry, metal transport and mineral accumulation. evaluate effects of historical mining activities on the surface environment. trace pollutant sources and define their fate and transport models in the near-surface and surface environments involving solid, fluid and aerial matrices. assess and quantify natural and technogenic radioactivity in the environment. determine geochemical anomalies and set baseline reference values using compositional data analysis, multivariate statistics and geo-spatial analysis. assess the impacts of anthropogenic contamination on ecosystems and human health at local and regional scale to prioritize and classify risks through deterministic and stochastic approaches. Papers dedicated to the presentation of newly developed methods in analytical geochemistry to be applied in the field or in laboratory are also within the topics of interest for the journal.
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