Estimation of median LC50 and toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of thiram in Labeo rohita

IF 10.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

npj Clean Water Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI:10.1038/s41545-025-00434-w

Sana Alam, Gulnaz Afzal, Riaz Hussain, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Amtul Sami, Rabbiah Manzoor Malik, Raheela Jabeen, Farid Shokry Ataya, Kun Li

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Abstract

Thiram is a widely used fungicide in agricultural practices as spraying on crops and grains storage but its potential adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms have raised serious concerns. In this study, firstly LC₅₀ value of thiram has been determined as 0.744 mg/L for the first time in Labeo rohita and then, the fish were exposed to different sub-lethal concentrations of thiram (40 μg/L, 80 μg/L and 120 μg/L) to evaluate the effects on tissue growth, oxidative stress, anti-oxidant enzymes and histo-pathological parameters at days-20, 40 and 60 of the experiment. There observed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the body weight while a significant increase in the relative (p < 0.05) and absolute (p < 0.05) weights of kidneys, heart and brain was found. Hematological analysis showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in leukocytes and neutrophils while lymphocytes and monocytes, RBCs and hemoglobin concentration were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. Serum biochemical parameters revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in urea and hepatic enzymes while a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in total proteins, albumin and creatinine were observed at higher doses (80 μg/L and 120 μg/L) of thiram. Oxidative stress parameters; ROS and TBARS were increased significantly (p < 0.05) while antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, GSH) showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the treated groups compared to the control. Moreover, comet assay revealed significant (p < 0.05) DNA damage in the isolated cells of kidneys, heart and brain at higher doses (80 μg/L and 120 μg/L) of thiram that was further confirmed by histo-pathological alterations in these tissues. The findings demonstrate that thiram severely pollute the marine eco-system and is quite hazardous for aquatic species by causing severe health effects even at sub-lethal concentrations and thus, render the apparently clean water to be unfit for animal and human consumption.

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环境相关浓度中位数LC50和毒性的估计

Thiram是一种广泛使用的杀菌剂，在农业实践中喷洒在作物和粮食储存上，但它对非目标水生生物的潜在不利影响引起了严重关注。本研究首先首次测定了西兰的LC50值为0.744 mg/L，然后分别于实验第20、40、60天分别暴露于不同亚致死浓度的西兰（40、80、120 μg/L）下，评价其对鱼组织生长、氧化应激、抗氧化酶及组织病理参数的影响。体重显著下降（p < 0.05），肾脏、心脏和大脑的相对重量（p < 0.05）和绝对重量（p < 0.05）显著增加。血液学分析显示白细胞和中性粒细胞显著（p < 0.05）升高，淋巴细胞和单核细胞、红细胞和血红蛋白浓度显著（p < 0.05）降低。血清生化指标显示，高剂量（80 μg/L和120 μg/L）的大鼠血清尿素和肝酶显著（p < 0.05）升高，总蛋白、白蛋白和肌酐显著（p < 0.05）降低。氧化应激参数；与对照组相比，各处理组ROS和TBARS显著升高（p < 0.05），抗氧化酶（CAT、SOD、POD、GSH）显著降低（p < 0.05）。此外，彗星实验显示，高剂量（80 μg/L和120 μg/L） thiram对肾脏、心脏和大脑离体细胞的DNA损伤显著（p < 0.05），这进一步证实了这些组织的组织病理改变。研究结果表明，thiram严重污染海洋生态系统，即使在亚致死浓度下也会造成严重的健康影响，对水生物种相当危险，从而使表面上清洁的水不适合动物和人类饮用。

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来源期刊

npj Clean Water Environmental Science-Water Science and Technology

CiteScore

15.30

自引率

2.60%

发文量

审稿时长

5 weeks

期刊介绍： npj Clean Water publishes high-quality papers that report cutting-edge science, technology, applications, policies, and societal issues contributing to a more sustainable supply of clean water. The journal's publications may also support and accelerate the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6, which focuses on clean water and sanitation.