Development and Validation of a Short Version (PAIC6) of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition Scale

IF 3.5 2区医学 Q1 ANESTHESIOLOGY

European Journal of Pain Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI:10.1002/ejp.4795

Vivien Schreiber, Miriam Kunz, Wilco Achterberg, Jenny T. van der Steen, Frank Lobbezoo, Bernhard Langner, Stefan Lautenbacher

{"title":"Development and Validation of a Short Version (PAIC6) of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition Scale","authors":"Vivien Schreiber, Miriam Kunz, Wilco Achterberg, Jenny T. van der Steen, Frank Lobbezoo, Bernhard Langner, Stefan Lautenbacher","doi":"10.1002/ejp.4795","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Background</h3>\n \n <p>Observer pain scales are commonly used to assess pain in individuals with impaired cognition. However, nursing staff have highlighted that extremely tight time schedules and increasing workload demands prevent regular use. With the development of a short version of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC15), we aimed to reduce implementation barriers in everyday clinical practice.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Methods</h3>\n \n <p>We developed a new 6-item short version (PAIC6) in a first sample (<i>N</i> = 59) and validated its psychometric properties in a second sample (<i>N</i> = 250) of older individuals with cognitive impairments. The item reduction and evaluation involved four steps. First, we used Sample 1 to exclude items based on item quality statistics (e.g., difficulty, reliability). Second, the Partial Credit Model (PCM) was utilised for further reduction using again Sample 1. Third, an expert panel evaluated the preceding steps and suggested a draft short version with six items (PAIC6). Fourth, psychometric properties of the short version were evaluated in the independent Sample 2. Thereafter, the final short version was approved.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>The new PAIC6 showed a high correlation with the total scale PAIC15 (<i>r</i> = 0.870), good reliability (Cronbach's <i>α</i> = 0.684), and high convergent construct validity, as observed by a high correlation with the established Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (<i>r</i> = 0.602).</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\n \n <p>Overall, we developed a valid, reliable, and clinically valuable PAIC6 that allows a more time-efficient pain assessment, by reducing the assessment time from 5 min to approximately 2 min (60% time saving).</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Significance</h3>\n \n <p>Observer pain scales are commonly used to assess pain in individuals with impaired cognition. However, nursing staff have highlighted that extremely tight time schedules and increasing workload demands prevent regular use. To address this, we developed PAIC6, a short version of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition 15 (PAIC15). PAIC6 includes six items and takes 2 min for completion after training, realising a 60%-time reduction compared to the original scale while keeping the psychometric quality high.</p>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":12021,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pain","volume":"29 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejp.4795","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"European Journal of Pain","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejp.4795","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ANESTHESIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Observer pain scales are commonly used to assess pain in individuals with impaired cognition. However, nursing staff have highlighted that extremely tight time schedules and increasing workload demands prevent regular use. With the development of a short version of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC15), we aimed to reduce implementation barriers in everyday clinical practice.

Methods

We developed a new 6-item short version (PAIC6) in a first sample (N = 59) and validated its psychometric properties in a second sample (N = 250) of older individuals with cognitive impairments. The item reduction and evaluation involved four steps. First, we used Sample 1 to exclude items based on item quality statistics (e.g., difficulty, reliability). Second, the Partial Credit Model (PCM) was utilised for further reduction using again Sample 1. Third, an expert panel evaluated the preceding steps and suggested a draft short version with six items (PAIC6). Fourth, psychometric properties of the short version were evaluated in the independent Sample 2. Thereafter, the final short version was approved.

Results

The new PAIC6 showed a high correlation with the total scale PAIC15 (r = 0.870), good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.684), and high convergent construct validity, as observed by a high correlation with the established Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (r = 0.602).

Conclusions

Overall, we developed a valid, reliable, and clinically valuable PAIC6 that allows a more time-efficient pain assessment, by reducing the assessment time from 5 min to approximately 2 min (60% time saving).

Significance

Observer pain scales are commonly used to assess pain in individuals with impaired cognition. However, nursing staff have highlighted that extremely tight time schedules and increasing workload demands prevent regular use. To address this, we developed PAIC6, a short version of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition 15 (PAIC15). PAIC6 includes six items and takes 2 min for completion after training, realising a 60%-time reduction compared to the original scale while keeping the psychometric quality high.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

认知障碍疼痛评估简易量表（PAIC6）的开发与验证

观察者疼痛量表通常用于评估认知受损个体的疼痛。然而，护理人员强调，极其紧张的时间安排和不断增加的工作量需求阻碍了正常使用。随着认知障碍疼痛评估（PAIC15）简短版本的开发，我们旨在减少日常临床实践中的实施障碍。方法在第一个样本（N = 59）中开发了一个新的6项简短版本（PAIC6），并在第二个样本（N = 250）中验证了其心理测量特性。项目缩减和评估包括四个步骤。首先，我们使用样本1来排除基于项目质量统计（例如，难度，可靠性）的项目。其次，使用部分信用模型（PCM）再次使用样本1进行进一步减少。第三，一个专家小组评估了前面的步骤，并建议了一个包含六个项目的简短版本草案（PAIC6）。第四，在独立样本2中评估了短版本的心理测量特性。此后，最终的简短版本获得批准。结果新版PAIC6量表与PAIC15量表具有较高的相关性（r = 0.870），具有较好的信度（Cronbach’s α = 0.684），与已编制的晚期痴呆疼痛评估量表具有较高的相关（r = 0.602），具有较高的聚合结构效度。总的来说，我们开发了一种有效、可靠且具有临床价值的PAIC6，通过将评估时间从5分钟减少到大约2分钟（节省60%的时间），可以更有效地进行疼痛评估。显著性观察者疼痛量表通常用于评估认知受损个体的疼痛。然而，护理人员强调，极其紧张的时间安排和不断增加的工作量需求阻碍了正常使用。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了PAIC6，即认知障碍疼痛评估15 （PAIC15）的简短版本。PAIC6包括6个项目，训练后2分钟完成，在保持高心理测量质量的同时，比原量表节省了60%的时间。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

European Journal of Pain 医学-临床神经学

CiteScore

7.50

自引率

5.60%

发文量

163

审稿时长

4-8 weeks

期刊介绍： European Journal of Pain (EJP) publishes clinical and basic science research papers relevant to all aspects of pain and its management, including specialties such as anaesthesia, dentistry, neurology and neurosurgery, orthopaedics, palliative care, pharmacology, physiology, psychiatry, psychology and rehabilitation; socio-economic aspects of pain are also covered. Regular sections in the journal are as follows: • Editorials and Commentaries • Position Papers and Guidelines • Reviews • Original Articles • Letters • Bookshelf The journal particularly welcomes clinical trials, which are published on an occasional basis. Research articles are published under the following subject headings: • Neurobiology • Neurology • Experimental Pharmacology • Clinical Pharmacology • Psychology • Behavioural Therapy • Epidemiology • Cancer Pain • Acute Pain • Clinical Trials.