A dynamic assessment for greenness exposure and socioeconomic drivers: Evidence from 314 Chinese cities (2000–2020)

Abstract

Equitable access to urban green spaces is crucial for the physical and mental health of urban residents, the social equity of cities, and their sustainable development. However, rapid urbanization has led to a series of ecological challenges, including land use changes and reductions in green space, which have progressively worsened the uneven distribution of green spaces. While much of the existing research has focused on measuring greenness exposure or accessibility, less attention has been given to the dynamic assessment of equity and its socioeconomic drivers. To address this gap, this study investigates the dynamics of greenness exposure and its inequality (Gini index) in Chinese cities from 2000 to 2020, utilizing vegetation index products. We also explore the correlation between various socioeconomic factors and the disparity in greenness exposure, both across cities and within cities—specifically between city centers and suburban areas. Our findings reveal a notable recovery in greenness exposure between 2010 and 2020, following a decline from 2000 to 2010, with significant improvements observed in larger cities such as Mega and Extra-large cities. Despite this, inequality in green exposure has increased over time, with the Gini index rising from 0.083 in 2000–0.11 in 2010 and 0.13 in 2020. Regression analysis further indicates that a 1 % increase in built-up area leads to a 0.01 %–0.05 % decline in greenness exposure, while higher residential density and urban complexity contribute significantly to widening disparities. Furthermore, restrictions on building height and the reduction of urban heat, along with appropriate urban planning, have been shown to improve residents’ access to green spaces. This research underscores the importance of integrating green spaces into urban planning to ensure equitable access and enhance the sustainability of urban environments. By examining the dynamics of greenness exposure and its potential drivers, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners aiming to create more livable and equitable urban spaces.