Supercritical CO2 assisted extraction, purification and modelling of free fatty acids from the crude mixture – A case study of tallow hydrolysis

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Supercritical Fluids Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI:10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106542

EK Anagha , R. Sariga , K. ShyamSundar , Rames C. Panda , M. Helen Kalavathy , S.N. Naik

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Tallow, a by-product of the leather-industry, is widely used in pharmaceuticals and oleochemical applications as a source/precursor of glycerol, obtained by aqueous-hydrolysis under high-pressure-temperature from a hydrolyzing-tower. Though standard procedures of extracting glycerol from the bottom-product are well established, the purification of fatty-acids (FA) from the top crude-mixture needs attention

Method

This paper identifies and separates individual fatty-acids from the Twitchell-process using the supercritical-fluid-extraction (SFE). Solubilities (Soave-Redlich-Kwong) and phase-diagrams are obtained using Matlab & Aspen, respectively. The characteristics of the product are analyzed by mass-spectroscopy which reveals that the FA-components present in the crude-mixture in the ratio of 4.3:32.2:43.0:20.4 for C-14, C16, C16 = 2, and C18 components respectively are more efficiently extracted by the solvent of SFE compared to CH₃OH solvent

Findings

It has been found from the analysis and characterization that the rate of extraction is improved by 2–3 times in case of saturated while it’s about 9 times in-case-of unsaturated FA compared to the nominal method of extraction. Addition of ionic-liquid (IL) with SFE-solvent improved the solubility to 92 %. A model is formulated to validate the findings. It is suggested that the pure components extracted by SFE assisted by IL can be used for the preparation of oleochemicals in further downstream-processing.

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来源期刊

Journal of Supercritical Fluids 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

7.60

自引率

10.30%

发文量

236

审稿时长

56 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Supercritical Fluids is an international journal devoted to the fundamental and applied aspects of supercritical fluids and processes. Its aim is to provide a focused platform for academic and industrial researchers to report their findings and to have ready access to the advances in this rapidly growing field. Its coverage is multidisciplinary and includes both basic and applied topics. Thermodynamics and phase equilibria, reaction kinetics and rate processes, thermal and transport properties, and all topics related to processing such as separations (extraction, fractionation, purification, chromatography) nucleation and impregnation are within the scope. Accounts of specific engineering applications such as those encountered in food, fuel, natural products, minerals, pharmaceuticals and polymer industries are included. Topics related to high pressure equipment design, analytical techniques, sensors, and process control methodologies are also within the scope of the journal.