The antioxidant potential of bacoside and its derivatives in Alzheimer's disease: The molecular mechanistic paths and therapeutic prospects

Abstract

Central nervous system disorders are likely to have a substantial effect on the worldwide healthcare demands of humanity in this era. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a senile decay of neurons. Extracellular beta-amyloid accumulation and intracellular tau hyperphosphorylation are two key characteristics of the pathogenesis of AD. Because of the multifactorial character of many disorders, new medicine-based psychoactive treatments have had limited success. As a result, there is a growing demand for innovative products that can target different receptors and improve behavioral abilities on their own or in combination with established treatments. In recent years, both industrialized and developing countries have seen a surge in herbal products based on traditional knowledge. According to recent research, bacoside and its congeners can dramatically lower the build-up of amyloid-β plaques, which are a defining feature of AD. This decrease is explained by bacoside's capacity to regulate β-secretase activity, which lowers the production of amyloid-β. Ayurveda is a medical science that focuses on the use of naturally occurring plant products to treat ailments. Many neuroprotective plants are said to be found in Ayurveda. The key physiological dysfunctions linked to tau aggregates, which contribute to dementia and behavioral inconsistencies, include the formation of reactive oxygen species, augmented neuronal swelling, and neurotoxicity. Here, we have focused on bacopa as an anti-Alzheimer medication. Bacoside A, Baccoside B, Apigenin, Betullinic acid, etc. are the pharmacologically active congeners of Brahmi belonging to several chemical families. In this review, the neuroprotective properties, pharmacological effectiveness, and molecular mechanism of bacoside scaffolds against AD have been discussed.