Unraveling the synthesis and therapeutic potential of FDA-approved Alzheimer's drugs: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia that primarily affects individuals aged 65 and older. This progressive neurodegenerative disorder leads to significant cognitive, memory, and behavioral impairments. While the exact cause remains unclear, AD is thought to result from a combination of genetic predispositions, environmental factors, lifestyle influences, and age-related brain changes. The increasing prevalence of AD highlights the urgent need for effective treatments, as no cure currently exists. This review compiles the synthesis and clinical applications of FDA-approved drugs for AD, including rivastigmine, galantamine, and donepezil—cholinesterase inhibitors that improve cognitive function by inhibiting acetylcholine breakdown. Memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, modulates glutamatergic activity to protect neurons from excitotoxicity. Tacrine, an early cholinesterase inhibitor, had limited long-term use due to hepatotoxicity concerns. While these drugs provide symptom management and enhance quality of life, they do not stop disease progression. Recent advancements focus on combination therapies, novel drug delivery systems, and targeting amyloid-beta and tau proteins. Emerging treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies and stem cell approaches, offer hope for disease modification. Continued research is essential for the development of more effective and potentially curative AD therapies.