Engineering Novel DNA Nanoarchitectures for Targeted Drug Delivery and Aptamer Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Therapeutics

Abstract

The specific and potent delivery of anticancer drugs to targeted cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains a critical need to maximize on-target, on-tumor effects while minimizing on-target, off-tumor toxicities. Herein, the designer DNA architecture (DDA)-templated drug conjugates (DDA-DCs) customized are presented to deliver daunorubicin (Dau) specifically and potently to a subset of CSCs: acute myeloid leukemia (AML) leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that often maintain minimal residual disease (MRD) and cause relapse. These DDA-DCs target LSCs via CD117- and CD123-binding aptamers: aptamers that when used alone disrupts the MAP Kinase and apoptosis signaling pathways, leading to a 40% reduction in cell viability over 72 h. These aptamers, when loaded with dsDNA-intercalating Dau and docked to DDA platforms, exhibit potent and selective cytotoxicity against CD117⁺/CD123⁺ AML cells, achieving a reduction in effective drug dosage by 500-fold ex vivo and up to 10-fold in vivo AML models. These DDA-DC strategy confers many advantages over other targeted therapies, such as selective cell targeting based on cell surface biomarker profiles (not just individual biomarkers that are often expressed by healthy tissues), titratable affinity, pattern matching, multiplexing, multidrug delivery, and target cell drug sensitization. The combination of these features yields superior anticancer efficacies with minimal off-target effects.