Food Aversion, Systemic Inflammation and Intramuscular Adipose Tissue are Mortality Predictors in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients

Abstract

Background

Cancer cachexia, systemic inflammation and muscle wasting are associated with poor survival in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts). We hypothesized whether neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and intramuscular adipose tissue/skeletal muscle index (IMAT/SMI) would predict prognosis in metastatic NSCLC (mNSCLC). In addition, we verified the role of a cancer cachexia questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-CAX24) in the survival prediction.

Methods

We analysed a prospective cohort of 128 treatment-naive mNSCLC pts (April 2017 to May 2020). We evaluated QoL using the EORTC-QLQ-C30 and EORTC-QLQ-CAX24 scales. We used the baseline NLR as a surrogate of systemic inflammation. We did evaluate IMAT/SMI using baseline plain computed tomography imaging. Cox multivariate regression, including age, sex, ECOG-PS and histology as covariates, was performed.

Results

Elevated NLR (hazard ratio [HR] 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.59, p = 0.038), IMAT/SMI ratio (HR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03–1.84, p = 0.032) and high CAX24 scores for food aversion (HR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.13–2.03, p = 0.006) were associated with worse prognosis in mNSCLC. Indeed, higher ECOG-PS (Spearman rho = 0.208, p = 0.027), CAX24 scores for food aversion (Spearman rho = 0.197, p = 0.036), loss of control (Spearman rho = 0.212, p = 0.024) and eating and weight loss worry domains (Spearman rho = 0.219, p = 0.020) were associated with elevated NLR levels.

Conclusions

Elevated NLR, IMAT/SMI ratio and CAX24 score for food aversion are independently associated with worse survival in mNSCLC. These data underscored the importance of cachexia features as negative prognostic factors in mNSCLC and revealed the EORTC-QLQ-CAX24 questionnaire as a new tool for helping clinical decision-making.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03960034 and NCT04306094