{"title":"Flame retardation of epoxy resin with P-N flame retardant based on DOPS/triazine-trione groups","authors":"Xuanying Huan, Zeming Hou, Shikai Ma, Qiu Xu, Yuzhao Qi, Dongmei Bao, Xueqing Hou, Haijun Du, Yupeng Zhang, Zhu Wen","doi":"10.1007/s00289-024-05535-z","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Epoxy resin (EP), as a widely used polymer material, is inherently flammable. Imparting it with high-efficiency flame-retardant properties has always been the focus of attention. In this work, using triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha phenanthrene-10-sulfide (DOPS) as raw materials, a novel double-group flame retardant, tris(3-(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-sulfide)-propyl)triazine-2,4,6-trione(DOPS-TAIC), has been synthesized via a one-step method. Before curing, the structure was characterized by FT-IR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, and <sup>31</sup>P NMR. Subsequently, the flame retardant DOPS-TAIC was applied to EP, and a series of testing methods were employed to investigate the effects of DOPS-TAIC on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of EP. Furthermore, the flame retardant mechanism of DOPS-TAIC in the gas phase and condensed phase was further explored. The results showed that EP/DOPS-TAIC achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with an LOI value of 31.6% when added at 12.5 wt%. In addition, the total heat release, peak heat release rate, and average heat release rate (av-HRR) of EP/DOPS-TAIC-12.5 wt% were significantly reduced by 35.05%, 61.83%, and 51.68%, respectively. SEM-EDS results showed that DOPS-TAIC can effectively promote the generation of expanded dense char layers and retain flame retardant elements (P and S) in the char layer. Meanwhile, TG-IR and Py-GC/MS demonstrate their radical quenching effect in the gas phase, indicating that DOPS-TAIC possesses both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame-retardant mechanisms. Therefore, this study provides a simple and effective method for developing flame-retardant epoxy resins.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 2","pages":"455 - 477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Polymer Bulletin","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00289-024-05535-z","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"POLYMER SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP), as a widely used polymer material, is inherently flammable. Imparting it with high-efficiency flame-retardant properties has always been the focus of attention. In this work, using triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha phenanthrene-10-sulfide (DOPS) as raw materials, a novel double-group flame retardant, tris(3-(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-sulfide)-propyl)triazine-2,4,6-trione(DOPS-TAIC), has been synthesized via a one-step method. Before curing, the structure was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR. Subsequently, the flame retardant DOPS-TAIC was applied to EP, and a series of testing methods were employed to investigate the effects of DOPS-TAIC on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of EP. Furthermore, the flame retardant mechanism of DOPS-TAIC in the gas phase and condensed phase was further explored. The results showed that EP/DOPS-TAIC achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with an LOI value of 31.6% when added at 12.5 wt%. In addition, the total heat release, peak heat release rate, and average heat release rate (av-HRR) of EP/DOPS-TAIC-12.5 wt% were significantly reduced by 35.05%, 61.83%, and 51.68%, respectively. SEM-EDS results showed that DOPS-TAIC can effectively promote the generation of expanded dense char layers and retain flame retardant elements (P and S) in the char layer. Meanwhile, TG-IR and Py-GC/MS demonstrate their radical quenching effect in the gas phase, indicating that DOPS-TAIC possesses both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame-retardant mechanisms. Therefore, this study provides a simple and effective method for developing flame-retardant epoxy resins.
期刊介绍：
"Polymer Bulletin" is a comprehensive academic journal on polymer science founded in 1988. It was founded under the initiative of the late Mr. Wang Baoren, a famous Chinese chemist and educator. This journal is co-sponsored by the Chinese Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and is supervised by the China Association for Science and Technology. It is a core journal and is publicly distributed at home and abroad.
"Polymer Bulletin" is a monthly magazine with multiple columns, including a project application guide, outlook, review, research papers, highlight reviews, polymer education and teaching, information sharing, interviews, polymer science popularization, etc. The journal is included in the CSCD Chinese Science Citation Database. It serves as the source journal for Chinese scientific and technological paper statistics and the source journal of Peking University's "Overview of Chinese Core Journals."
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