Estimation of antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities of extracts of Citrus x aurantium leaves in vitro

Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics

Phytomedicine Plus Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI:10.1016/j.phyplu.2024.100723

Loulia Al Hawat, Loai Alallan

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Abstract

Objective

This study was done to estimate the antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities of three extracts of Citrus x aurantium var. amara L. leaves, and to determine the total phenolic and flavonoids contents, as well as to find the relationship between leaves’ chemical (phenolic and flavonoids) content and their biological activities.

Methods

Three different extracts were prepared using distilled water, ethanol 70 %, and n-hexane. The Folin-Ciocalteu assay was used to determine the total phenolic content of extracts. The aluminum chloride assay was used to determine the total flavonoids content of extracts. The antioxidant activity of various concentrations of extracts was estimated by measurement of the ability of each extract to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Hypolipidemic activity of various concentrations of extracts was estimated by measurement of the bile acid binding capacity.

Results

The water extract, which was obtained by decoction, showed the highest phenolic and flavonoids contents (268.948 ± 1.131 mg GAE/g DW and 50.676 ± 0.659 mg QE/g DW, respectively) followed by hydroalcoholic and hexanic extracts (243.732 ± 3.726, 215.870 ± 4.763 mg GAE/g DW, and 43.312 ± 1.506, 41.226 ± 0.967 mg QE/g DW, respectively; p < 0.05). IC₅₀ values of DPPH scavenging activity were lower in water extract than hydroalcoholic and hexanic extracts (0.324 ± 0.025, 0.403 ± 0.009, and 0.414 ± 0.024 mg/mL, respectively; p < 0.05). All extracts showed bile acid binding activity with IC₅₀ values of 0.347 ± 0.011, 0.388 ± 0.004, and 0.400 ± 0.011 mg/mL for water, hydroalcoholic, and hexanic extracts, respectively. There were high correlations between each of phenolic and flavonoid content and the biological activities of leaves’ extracts (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The water extract has the highest phenolic and flavonoids contents. Citrus x aurantium leaves’ extracts possess antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities in vitro. Properties observed indicate the usefulness of Citrus x aurantium leaves in managing hyperlipidemia and obesity worldwide.

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