Cytokines as key players in obesity low grade inflammation and related complications

Abstract

Environmental factors, genetic factors, and metabolic factors all have a role in the development of obesity, which is a complex worldwide health challenge. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of adipose tissue is characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, which suggests the presence of persistent low-grade inflammation. The findings of this review shed insight on the role that cytokines play in the establishment and progression of low-grade inflammation in obese individuals. Additionally, it investigates the possibility of using them as diagnostic markers and therapy targets for obesity, respectively. The cytokines in question are produced by adipose tissue, which is an active endocrine organ. Included in the list of examples are TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1. These cytokines contribute to dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. The paper also discusses how immune cells, macrophages, and adipocytes interact to aggravate inflammatory processes. Adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin are also investigated, along with their regulatory functions in inflammatory signalling pathways and metabolic balance. The article discusses recent studies that target inflammatory cytokines and adipokines for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications. It is essential to comprehend these complex relationships in order to create novel treatment approaches that address the metabolic effects of obesity and enhance public health outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive resource for scholars who want to understand and initiate studies aimed at reducing inflammation linked to obesity and the health issues that come with it.