Spatiotemporal variation of organic contaminants and their ecotoxicological risk in the Uluabat lake basin, Türkiye: A Ramsar living wetland

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI:10.1016/j.pce.2025.103851

Cem Tokatlı , Alper Uğurluoğlu , Said Muhammad

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Abstract

Lakes are more vulnerable to water contamination due to their stagnant and close nature. This study investigated spatiotemporal distributions of organic stressors in the Uluabat Lake Basin (ULB) water. The ULB include Uluabat Lake (UL) and Emet (ES), Orhaneli (OS), and Mustafakemalpaşa streams (MS). A total of 20 locations (17 fluvial and three lacustrine habitats) were defined, and water samples were collected in the wet and dry seasons of 2023–24 and measured for 14 limnological parameters. The DO values decreased approximately by 1.5 times and turbidity ten times, while COD and NH₄–N values increased by approximately 1.5 times, SO₄ 2.5 times, and temperature, NO₂–N, and PO₄–P 3.5 times in the dry season. The ULB was evaluated for water quality index (WQI), organic pollution index (OPI), eutrophication index (EI), nutrient pollution index (NPI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), Pearson's correlation index (PCI), principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) to show the comprehensive holistic quality characteristics for ecotoxicological, statistical and visual perspectives. Results revealed the contamination of the investigated habitats as follows: OS > UL > MS > ES. The health risk assessment was under the acceptable level (HI < 1) for the studied habitats. The PCA noted two influential factors (“agriculture factor" and “sewage factor"), and CA established three groups such as “relatively less contaminated zone", “relatively moderate contaminated zone" and “relatively more contaminated zone”.

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来源期刊

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 地学-地球科学综合

CiteScore

5.40

自引率

2.70%

发文量

176

审稿时长

31.6 weeks

期刊介绍： Physics and Chemistry of the Earth is an international interdisciplinary journal for the rapid publication of collections of refereed communications in separate thematic issues, either stemming from scientific meetings, or, especially compiled for the occasion. There is no restriction on the length of articles published in the journal. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth incorporates the separate Parts A, B and C which existed until the end of 2001. Please note: the Editors are unable to consider submissions that are not invited or linked to a thematic issue. Please do not submit unsolicited papers. The journal covers the following subject areas: -Solid Earth and Geodesy: (geology, geochemistry, tectonophysics, seismology, volcanology, palaeomagnetism and rock magnetism, electromagnetism and potential fields, marine and environmental geosciences as well as geodesy). -Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere: (hydrology and water resources research, engineering and management, oceanography and oceanic chemistry, shelf, sea, lake and river sciences, meteorology and atmospheric sciences incl. chemistry as well as climatology and glaciology). -Solar-Terrestrial and Planetary Science: (solar, heliospheric and solar-planetary sciences, geology, geophysics and atmospheric sciences of planets, satellites and small bodies as well as cosmochemistry and exobiology).