Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants using a novel bimetallic Ag-Cu doped biphenyl linked covalent triazine framework: Experimental, theoretical and toxicological assessments

IF 4.1 3区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry Pub Date : 2025-01-04 DOI:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116264

I. Abdul Matheen , A. Ahmed Raza , A. Mujthaba Aatif , S. Ravi , Attar Kubaib , S. Abdul Majeed , S. Zaheer Ahmed , S. Syed Tajudeen

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Photocatalysis is regarded as a promising method for the degradation of organic contaminants owing to its cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and eco-friendly nature. For this purpose, here in this work, new photocatalysts based on biphenyl-linked covalent triazine framework (BP-CTF) via Friedel-Crafts reaction was synthesized and subsequently doped with mono and bimetal combinations of Ag and Cu. The photocatalysts were characterized using various analytical techniques. Theoretical calculations using Gaussian 09 software were applied to investigate the electronic effects of metal incorporation which influence the photocatalytic performance by adjusting the band gap structures of the M@BP-CTF. The performance of the synthesized catalysts was evaluated for their ability to degrade methylene blue and tetracycline through photocatalysis. The findings showed that the photocatalytic degradation activity was best for bimetallic AgCu@BP-CTF with the highest rate constants of 0.03039 min⁻¹ and 0.0273 min⁻¹ for methylene blue and tetracycline respectively, exhibiting superior performance compared to the Ag@BP-CTF, Cu@BP-CTF and many previously reported benchmark materials. This is due to the restriction of the recombination of electrons and holes by the heterojunctions leading to enhanced performance. Further, in-vitro cytotoxic effects of the photocatalysts, pollutants and its degradation products were performed in the Seabass Gill (SBG) cell line. The bimetallic AgCu@BP-CTF exhibited less toxic effects compared to its monometallic counterparts with high concentration of ∼100 μg mL⁻¹. The effluent treated with the AgCu@BP-CTF photocatalyst showed improved survival rates for Seabass Gill (SBG) cell line in comparison to the untreated effluent. The efficient activity, biocompatibility and non-toxic effluent resulting from photodegradation indicates the potential use of the developed AgCu@BP-CTF photocatalyst in the treatment of wastewater.

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来源期刊

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry 化学-物理化学

CiteScore

7.90

自引率

7.00%

发文量

580

审稿时长

48 days

期刊介绍： JPPA publishes the results of fundamental studies on all aspects of chemical phenomena induced by interactions between light and molecules/matter of all kinds. All systems capable of being described at the molecular or integrated multimolecular level are appropriate for the journal. This includes all molecular chemical species as well as biomolecular, supramolecular, polymer and other macromolecular systems, as well as solid state photochemistry. In addition, the journal publishes studies of semiconductor and other photoactive organic and inorganic materials, photocatalysis (organic, inorganic, supramolecular and superconductor). The scope includes condensed and gas phase photochemistry, as well as synchrotron radiation chemistry. A broad range of processes and techniques in photochemistry are covered such as light induced energy, electron and proton transfer; nonlinear photochemical behavior; mechanistic investigation of photochemical reactions and identification of the products of photochemical reactions; quantum yield determinations and measurements of rate constants for primary and secondary photochemical processes; steady-state and time-resolved emission, ultrafast spectroscopic methods, single molecule spectroscopy, time resolved X-ray diffraction, luminescence microscopy, and scattering spectroscopy applied to photochemistry. Papers in emerging and applied areas such as luminescent sensors, electroluminescence, solar energy conversion, atmospheric photochemistry, environmental remediation, and related photocatalytic chemistry are also welcome.