Systematic review of pistachio shell waste: Environmental applications, sustainable approaches, and nanotechnology insights

Abstract

Agricultural waste, particularly pistachio shells, represents a significant environmental challenge while offering immense untapped economic potential. Iran, as one of the largest pistachio producers globally, generates vast amounts of pistachio shell waste annually, with much of it improperly discarded. This practice contributes to severe soil and water pollution, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable waste management strategies.This study systematically investigates the bioactive properties of pistachio shells, emphasizing key compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants known for their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects. Utilizing a structured review of peer-reviewed literature, advanced extraction methods, including supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), were evaluated for their efficiency in recovering high-purity bioactive compounds while minimizing environmental impact.The findings reveal the transformative potential of these compounds in developing eco-friendly and sustainable cosmetic and personal care products, offering a natural alternative to synthetic chemicals. Additionally, the integration of nanotechnology is explored, showcasing its ability to enhance the efficacy, bioavailability, and stability of pistachio shell-derived products. This dual focus on advanced technologies and sustainable practices underscores the compatibility of pistachio shell utilization with global circular economy principles.By reducing agricultural waste and transforming it into high-value resources, this research provides a roadmap for achieving both environmental conservation and economic growth. It offers practical insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders, emphasizing the critical role of innovative technologies in promoting sustainable development.