Diagnosis, physiological mechanisms, risk factors, treatment and prevention of obesity: A brief commentary

Abstract

Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory and multifactorial disease, characterized by the excessive accumulation of body fat, which increases the risk of health complications, including cardiometabolic diseases. Despite the existing knowledge about its impacts, the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment remain under debate. Therefore, the aim of this scientific text is to address the diagnostic methods, pathophysiology of the disease, main risk factors, and treatment and intervention strategies for obesity. Among the risk factors, body mass is not the only relevant consideration; other variables (endogenous and exogenous) that can interfere should also be considered and deserve attention. The management of obesity must consider communication aspects (motivational intervention) and clinical aspects (family history and laboratory tests), promoting a patient-centered approach. Therapy should include lifestyle interventions, psychological support, and, in advanced cases, pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery. Treatment emphasizes physical activity recommendations, with moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and high-intensity interval training being advised, adapted to patient preferences. Additionally, the incorporation of resistance training is essential to optimize fat mass loss and strengthen muscle structures, improving performance in aerobic activities. A comprehensive understanding and standardization of intervention strategies are crucial to tackling the global obesity epidemic and its public health consequences.