Ochre processing in Ethiopia: Chaîne opératoire, macrolithic tool design, and use wear

Abstract

This ethnoarchaeological study investigates the grinding and use of minerals, specifically ochre, within the Hamar agro-pastoralist group in the Omo Valley, southern Ethiopia. Despite the limited focus on mineral grinding in previous studies, ochre plays a crucial role in various cultural and ceremonial contexts. This research comprehensively explores the chaîne opératoire of ochre, from sourcing and processing to its application in body adornment and initiation ceremonies. Focusing on the Hamar community, where red ochre is an essential cosmetic element, particularly for married women, this study examines the design, functionality, and use wear of the stone tools employed in ochre processing. Ground stone tools such as grinders and querns, made of materials such as granite, basalt and quartz, are analysed within a design theory framework. The study investigates the reasons behind the selection of specific materials for primary-design and recycled tools and how these choices impact the final product’s colour and quality. Through ethnographic observation and use wear analysis, the study delves into the multifunctional use, reuse and recycling of these tools, revealing the Hamar community’s adaptability and resourcefulness. The analysis of wear patterns on the tools provides insights into their functionality and the diverse applications of ochre in the Hamar society. By examining the intricacies of ochre processing and the associated tools, this study contributes to a broader understanding of the cultural significance, technological practices, and cognitive aspects of mineral grinding in the Hamar community.