Emerging malaria in Indonesia: An overview of Plasmodium knowlesi infections

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI:10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00405

Nisa Fauziah , Karomahul Malaya Jati , Fedri Ruluwedrata Rinawan , Naufal Fakhri Nugraha , Bachti Alisjahbana , Jontari Hutagalung

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Plasmodium knowlesi, the fifth malaria-causing parasite species, is currently changing the landscape of the most dominant malaria-causing species in the Southeast Asia by becoming the emerging significant cause of malaria in the region, including in Indonesia. This study aimed to provide an overview of malaria caused by P. knowlesi in Indonesia.

Methods

This study utilized secondary data from the Indonesian National Referral Malaria Laboratory from 2011 to 2020 for the analysis.

Results

Analysis on 212 samples collected over ten years identified 66 (31.1 %) cases of P. knowlesi infection, with one (0.5 %) mixed infection of P. knowlesi and P. vivax. These cases were reported in seven provinces in Kalimantan and Sumatra islands. Males were 2.23 times more likely to be at risk for malaria compared to females, and this result was statistically significant (p-value = 0.037, 95 % CI: 0.84–5.91). There was no significant association between the risk of malaria and the age groups classified as non-productive and productive (p-value = 0.535, OR = 0.42, 95 % CI: 0.12–1.53). Individuals working outdoors were not significantly more protected compared to those working indoors (p-value of 0.116, OR = 0.15, 95 % CI: 0.02–1.49). The origin of the sample was found to be the most significant factor (p-value <0.001), with individuals from Kalimantan having the highest risk for malaria caused by P. knowlesi (OR = 3.97, 95 % CI: 2.10–7.49).

Conclusions

Two major Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan, which reported malaria cases during the period studied, exhibit a potential risk for P. knowlesi infections that is influenced by factors beyond natural hosts and vectors, such as sex, age, and occupation. Routine PCR examinations for suspected P. knowlesi infections are crucial for developing effective strategies to identify and control this simian malaria parasite.

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印度尼西亚新出现的疟疾：诺氏疟原虫感染概况

背景诺氏疟原虫是第五种引起疟疾的寄生虫，它目前正在改变东南亚最主要的引起疟疾的物种的格局，成为该地区（包括印度尼西亚）出现的重要疟疾病因。本研究旨在对印度尼西亚诺氏疟原虫引起的疟疾进行综述。方法利用2011 - 2020年印度尼西亚国家疟疾转诊实验室的二手数据进行分析。结果10年间采集的212份样本中，诺氏疟原虫感染66例（31.1%），诺氏疟原虫与间日疟原虫混合感染1例（0.5%）。在加里曼丹和苏门答腊岛的七个省报告了这些病例。男性患疟疾的风险是女性的2.23倍，这一结果具有统计学意义（p值= 0.037,95% CI: 0.84-5.91）。疟疾风险与被划分为非生产性和生产性年龄组之间没有显著关联（p值= 0.535,OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.12-1.53）。在室外工作的个体与在室内工作的个体相比，并没有得到更多的保护（p值为0.116,OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.02-1.49）。样本的来源是最重要的因素（p值<；0.001），来自加里曼丹的个体感染诺氏疟原虫引起的疟疾的风险最高（OR = 3.97, 95% CI: 2.10-7.49）。结论印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛和加里曼丹岛在本研究期间报告了疟疾病例，存在诺氏疟原虫感染的潜在风险，受自然宿主和媒介以外的因素影响，如性别、年龄和职业。对疑似诺氏疟原虫感染进行常规聚合酶链反应检测对于制定识别和控制这种类人猿疟疾寄生虫的有效战略至关重要。

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来源期刊

Parasite Epidemiology and Control Medicine-Infectious Diseases

CiteScore

5.70

自引率

3.10%

发文量

审稿时长

17 weeks

期刊介绍： Parasite Epidemiology and Control is an Open Access journal. There is an increasing amount of research in the parasitology area that analyses the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. This epidemiology of parasite infectious diseases is predominantly studied in human populations but also spans other major hosts of parasitic infections and as such this journal will have a broad remit. We will focus on the major areas of epidemiological study including disease etiology, disease surveillance, drug resistance and geographical spread and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects in clinical trials for both human and other animals. We will also look at the epidemiology and control of vector insects. The journal will also cover the use of geographic information systems (Epi-GIS) for epidemiological surveillance which is a rapidly growing area of research in infectious diseases. Molecular epidemiological approaches are also particularly encouraged.