Recent advances in aqueous manganese-based flow batteries

Abstract

Aqueous manganese-based redox flow batteries (MRFBs) are attracting increasing attention for electrochemical energy storage systems due to their low cost, high safety, and environmentally friendly. However, due to the intricate and varied electrochemical reactions between manganese redox couples, the development of MRFBs still faces challenges including low efficiency and rapid capacity degradation, which inevitably limit its practical application in large-scale applications. Therefore, focusing on the reaction mechanism of Mn²⁺/Mn³⁺, Mn²⁺/MnO₂, and MnO₄^-/MnO₄²⁻ redox couples, this review identifies current challenges of MRFBs and summarizes recent advances in electrolyte optimization, electrode modification and battery structure design, aiming to pave the way for further development of MRFBs.