Concentration and health risk assessment of toxic metals in giblets of free-range chickens in Lokoja, Nigeria

Journal of trace elements and minerals Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI:10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100209

Jude Ehwevwerhere Emurotu , Tenimu Adogah Abubakar , Loveth Chukwu , Queen Ese Umudi , Victory Imokan Imumorin , Gloria D. Paul , Grace Unekwuojo Oboni

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Abstract

Background

Potentially toxic metals present in food and food products are a threat to humans. To monitor the quality of giblets consumed and to evaluate the risk to the public's health, this study aimed to determine the residual concentrations of heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the gizzard, kidney, and liver of free-range chickens.

Methods

The mean concentration of metals in the giblets was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. The mean was used to assess the cancer risk, hazard index, total hazard quotient, and estimated daily intake of the metals under investigation.

Results

Metal concentrations ranged from 17.6 - 105.6 (Al), nd to 3.15 (As), nd - 4.38 (Cr), 0.26 - 73.6 (Mn), nd - 7.21(Ni), nd - 6.67 (Pb), and 8.42 - 63.3 (Zn) mg kg⁻¹. The mean concentrations measured exceeded JECFA's Maximum Allowable Concentrations limit except for Al and Cd. Cd was below the detection limit. The estimated daily intake of the toxic metals As, Cr, Ni, and Pb exceeded the threshold limit. The metals' calculated Target Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index values were 〈 1. The percentage contribution of Pb to the HI value was the highest. The HI was 66.9% and 65.4% in adults and children, respectively. The HI sequence through the consumption of giblets in adults is Pb 〉 As > Cr > Ni > Zn > Al > Mn. The corresponding sequence in children is Pb > As > Cr > Mn > Ni, Zn > Al. The carcinogenic risk of As, Cr, Ni, and Pb exceeded the threshold limit, indicating a potential cancer risk through consumption.

Conclusion

Free-range chickens are not selective in picking their food in the environment hence strict regime of proper disposal of waste products containing metals into the environment should be advocated and followed.

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尼日利亚洛科贾散养鸡内脏中有毒金属的浓度和健康风险评估

食品和食品产品中存在的潜在有毒金属对人类构成威胁。为了监测鸡粪的质量并评估其对公众健康的危害，本研究旨在测定散养鸡砂囊、肾脏和肝脏中重金属（Al、As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn）的残留浓度。方法采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定猪粪中金属的平均浓度。该平均值用于评估癌症风险、危害指数、总危害商数和所调查金属的估计每日摄入量。结果金属浓度分别为17.6 ~ 105.6 (Al) ~ 3.15 （As）、4.38 （Cr）、0.26 ~ 73.6 （Mn）、7.21（Ni）、6.67 （Pb）、8.42 ~ 63.3 (Zn) mg kg−1。除Al和Cd外，其余平均浓度均超过JECFA的最大允许浓度限值，Cd均低于检测限。砷、铬、镍和铅等有毒金属的每日摄入量超过了阈值。金属的计算目标危害商和危害指数值均< 1。Pb对HI值的贡献率最大。成人和儿童的HI分别为66.9%和65.4%。成人通过消耗肝脏的HI序列为Pb b> As >；Cr祝辞倪祝辞锌比;阿尔比;锰。在儿童中对应的序列为Pb >；比;Cr祝辞Mn祝辞Ni, Zn >；a . As、Cr、Ni、Pb的致癌风险超过阈值，表明食用具有潜在的致癌风险。结论散养鸡在环境中对食物没有选择性，应提倡和遵循严格的含金属废物处置制度。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of trace elements and minerals Medicine and Dentistry (General), Analytical Chemistry, Environmental Science (General), Toxicology, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (General), Nutrition, Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine (General)

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审稿时长

65 days