Extracellular vesicles released by Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp.: protozoan parasite–host interaction mechanism

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the protozoa parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. and host communication have received increased attention and achieved greater significance in recent years. This review focuses on the operation and consequences of the communication channel, which provides important insights into a variety of infectious disease characteristics and host immune responses. We highlight the most important discoveries, explain the underlying mechanisms, and discuss the implications for basic science and potential treatments. These EVs play a critical role in the parasite's ability to spread infection and alter the host’s immune response. However, there are some gaps in the research in this field, particularly in functional biological features that could help us understand the conditions and mechanisms underlying protozoan EV release. Therefore, more research is needed, as understanding the mechanisms underlying pathogen–host interaction is critical to treating endemic parasitic diseases. Given that EVs are promising candidates for vaccination, diagnosis, and therapy, this could lay the groundwork for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, there is no vaccine available for Chagas disease, which is extremely difficult to treat and manage.