The relationship between cognitive function and neuropsychiatric disorders with quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) on long COVID syndrome patients

IF 3.7 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Brain, behavior, & immunity - health Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.100954

Yetty Ramli , Pukovisa Prawiroharjo , Winnugroho Wiratman , Eric Tenda , Nurhadi Ibrahim , Damar Susilaradeya , Abdi Reza , Jennifer Agatha , Rejoel Siagian , Hazrina Fauhan , Florencia Evelyn , Yoshikazu Ugawa , Prasandhya Yusuf

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Abstract

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in long-term consequences for a subset of affected individuals, known as long COVID syndrome. The neurological and psychiatric effects of this condition remain incompletely understood. This study aims to evaluate heightened common mental disorders in long COVID through assessing psychiatric, cognitive, neurophysiological aspects, and emphasizing lasting mental health impacts.

Methods

This cross-sectional study compared patients with long COVID to those who had recovered from COVID-19 without residual symptoms using quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) analysis. We conducted qEEG analyses, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Self-Rating Questionnaire (SRQ) tests on participants. Analyses included brain spectrum examination, hemispheric asymmetry, and inter-electrode connectivity.

Results

Analyses revealed lower MoCA scores in the memory domain were lower in the long COVID group (Mann Whitney Utest), indicating that individuals with long COVID experience more substantial cognitive deficits. There is no statistical difference for spectrum examination and hemispheric asymmetry observed in the qEEG data between the COVID and long COVID groups. Connectivity analysis showed statistically significant higher connectivity in temporal-occipital (T6-O2) in long COVID groups (Mann Whitney Utest).

Conclusion

Our findings underscore the persistent neuropsychiatric impact of COVID-19, particularly in long COVID patients. Notably, working memory deficits in MoCA scores were identified as one of the most frequent neuropsychological symptoms in these individuals. Decreased brain connectivity indicates cognitive-sensorimotor decline and is confirmed by the frequent brain fog symptoms in long COVID.

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