Kaiqiang Lin , Muhammad Asad Ullah , Lei Lei , Hirley Alves , Konstantin Mikhaylov , Tong Hao
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Urban underground pipelines (UUPs) serve the cardiovascular system of our society and the cornerstone of various smart city and industrial applications. Although the leakage of UUPs can be effectively detected and localized by utilizing the measurements of different types of sensors, the reliable transmission of sensor data remains challenging in large-scale UUPs monitoring due to the harsh underground conditions and the complex urban environments. Motivated by recent successful integration of LoRaWAN and satellites, we investigate in this study the feasibility of the massive machine-type communication (mMTC) based sensing approach, which utilizes the underground-to-satellite (UtS) connectivity for monitoring large-scale UUPs. Specifically, we consider two alternative network architectures, i.e., underground direct-to-satellite (U-DtS) and underground indirect-to-satellite (U-ItS), and discuss their pros, cons, and trade-offs. To assess the feasibility and performance of U-ItS and UtS in large-scale UUPs monitoring, we develop the Monte Carlo UtS simulator, featuring realistic UUPs deployments, regional LoRaWAN configurations, semi-empirical propagation models, two gateway deployment approaches, and data aggregation for U-ItS. Our results reveal that U-DtS fails to counter underground propagation losses and shadowing effects in urban environments. However, U-ItS is demonstrated as a promising solution for the reliable wireless monitoring of UUPs, whose performance can be further improved by utilizing data aggregation. Finally, we verify that the transmission success probability of U-DtS and U-ItS is strongly affected by the underground parameters, i.e., the burial depth of devices and the volumetric water content of soil.
期刊介绍:
The Ad Hoc Networks is an international and archival journal providing a publication vehicle for complete coverage of all topics of interest to those involved in ad hoc and sensor networking areas. The Ad Hoc Networks considers original, high quality and unpublished contributions addressing all aspects of ad hoc and sensor networks. Specific areas of interest include, but are not limited to:
Mobile and Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Sensor Networks
Wireless Local and Personal Area Networks
Home Networks
Ad Hoc Networks of Autonomous Intelligent Systems
Novel Architectures for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
Self-organizing Network Architectures and Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols
Routing protocols (unicast, multicast, geocast, etc.)
Media Access Control Techniques
Error Control Schemes
Power-Aware, Low-Power and Energy-Efficient Designs
Synchronization and Scheduling Issues
Mobility Management
Mobility-Tolerant Communication Protocols
Location Tracking and Location-based Services
Resource and Information Management
Security and Fault-Tolerance Issues
Hardware and Software Platforms, Systems, and Testbeds
Experimental and Prototype Results
Quality-of-Service Issues
Cross-Layer Interactions
Scalability Issues
Performance Analysis and Simulation of Protocols.