Advanced biosensing technologies for cardiac troponin I Detection: Challenges and future directions in personalized heart health management

Abstract

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) an imperative biomarker for AMI, plays a vital role in the early diagnosis. Conventional cTnI detection techniques are well established and support diagnostics in relation to heart diseases; however, their time-consuming operations leads to delayed decision-making. Thus, there is a need to innovate novel sensing approaches that provide timely diagnosis, and even point-of-care (PoC) capabilities. In the past few years, wearable biosensors have emerged as better alternatives than conventional methods, showing enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and the ability to detect PoC biomarkers toward managing personalized heart health. These biosensors have properties that include ease of use, a high sensitivity response time, compatibility with established cTnI detection methods, and PoC applications that position them nicely for integration into optical and electrochemical platforms. This review further explores challenges and prospects envisioned in biosensing technology for cTnI detection from advanced technological features and integration into healthcare systems. With real-time data derived from these biosensors, healthcare providers can improve the accuracy of diagnosis, and further, they can encourage proactive interventions that greatly improve outcomes for patients with AMI. It explains the potential that lies in biosensors toward rapid, accurate, and cost-effective detection, revolutionizing the management and diagnosis of AMI.