Recent advances in electrochemical detection methods for liver cancer biomarkers

Abstract

This comprehensive review explores recent advancements in electrochemical detection methods for liver cancer biomarkers, highlighting their potential to transform early diagnosis and monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma. We examine the current landscape of liver cancer biomarkers, including established proteins such as alpha-fetoprotein and emerging candidates like circulating tumor DNA and long non-coding RNAs. The principles of electrochemical biosensing are discussed, followed by an in-depth analysis of innovative sensor designs incorporating nanomaterials, surface modification strategies, and novel recognition elements. Particular attention is given to label-free approaches, aptamer-based sensors, and the integration of microfluidic technologies. The review covers recent developments in enhancing sensitivity and specificity, with some platforms achieving femtogram-level detection limits. We also address progress towards point-of-care applications and the challenges in translating laboratory prototypes to clinical use. The potential impact of these technologies on improving patient outcomes through earlier detection and personalized treatment strategies is evaluated. Finally, we discuss future research directions, including the development of multiplexed detection platforms and the need for large-scale clinical validation studies to establish the efficacy of electrochemical biosensors in real-world settings.